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'''Edward William Brooke III''' (* [[26. Oktober]] [[1919]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]; † [[3. Januar]] [[2015]] in [[Coral Gables]], [[Florida]]) war ein [[Vereinigte Staaten|US-amerikanischer]] [[Politiker]] der [[Republikanische Partei|Republikanischen Partei]]. Von 1967 bis 1979 saß er für den [[Bundesstaat der Vereinigten Staaten|US-Bundesstaat]] [[Massachusetts]] im [[Senat der Vereinigten Staaten|US-Senat]] und war damit der erste vom Volk gewählte afro-amerikanische US-Senator.
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Edward Brooke
|image = Edward Brooke.jpg
|office1 = [[Massachusetts Attorney General|Attorney General of Massachusetts]]
|governor1 = [[Endicott Peabody]]<br>[[John A. Volpe|John Volpe]]
|term_start1 = January 3, 1963
|term_end1 = January 3, 1967
|predecessor1 = [[Edward J. McCormack, Jr.|Edward McCormack]]
|successor1 = [[Edward T. Martin|Edward Martin]] {{small|(Acting)}}
|jr/sr = United States Senator
|state = [[Massachusetts]]
|term_start = January 3, 1967
|term_end = January 3, 1979
|predecessor = [[Leverett Saltonstall]]
|successor = [[Paul Tsongas]]
|birth_name=Edward William Brooke III
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1919|10|26}}
|birth_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States|U.S.]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|spouse = Remigia Ferrari-Scacco {{small|(Divorced)}}<br>Anne Brooke
|children = Remi {{small|(with Remigia)}}<br>Edwina {{small|(with Remigia)}}<br>Edward {{small|(with Anne)}}
|alma_mater = [[Howard University]]<br>[[Boston University School of Law|Boston University]]
|allegiance = {{flag|United States of America|1912}}
|branch = {{army|USA}}
|serviceyears = 1941–1946
|rank = [[File:US-O3 insignia.svg|15px]] [[Captain (United States)|Captain]]
|unit = [[File:366 cres.gif|15px]] [[366th Infantry Regiment (United States)|366th Infantry Regiment]]
|battles = [[World War II]]
}}
'''Edward William Brooke III''' (born October 26, 1919) is an American [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] politician, in 1966 being the first African American popularly elected to the [[United States Senate]]. He was the only person of African heritage sent to the Senate in the 20th century until [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]] [[Carol Moseley Braun]] of [[Illinois]] in 1993, and the only African-American Senator to serve multiple terms. He was elected to the Senate as a Republican from [[Massachusetts]], defeating his Democratic opponent, former Massachusetts governor [[Endicott Peabody]] in a landslide. He served for two terms, and was defeated by [[Paul Tsongas]] in the 1978 senate election.<ref>Samuelson, Tracey D. [http://features.csmonitor.com/politics/2009/10/28/who-is-edward-brooke/ "Who is Edward Brooke?"], ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', October 28, 2009. [http://www.webcitation.org/5uGmUkmPd WebCitation archive].</ref>

Brooke was the last Republican Senator elected from Massachusetts until [[Scott Brown]] was elected in 2010, and, until 2013, was the most recent Republican of African-American heritage to be elected to the Senate in his own right. Brooke is also the oldest living former Senator.

In 1967, he was awarded the [[Spingarn Medal]] from the [[NAACP]].<ref>[http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners NAACP Spingarn Medal]</ref>

==Early years==
Edward William Brooke III was born on October 26, 1919, in [[Washington, D.C.]], to Edward Brooke, Jr. and Helen (Seldon) Brooke. He was the second of three children; the Brookes' first-born died at age 3 before he was born.<ref>Cutler, pp. 13-14</ref> He was raised in a middle class section of the city, and attended [[Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.)|Dunbar High School]], then one of the most prestigious high schools for African Americans.<ref>Cutler, pp. 14-18</ref> After graduating in 1936 he enrolled in [[Howard University]], where he first considered medicine, but ended up studying social studies and political science.<ref>Cutler, p. 20</ref> He graduated in 1941, and enrolled in the [[United States Army]] immediately after the Japanese [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]].<ref>Cutler, p. 23</ref>

Brooke spent five years as an officer in the Army, seeing combat in [[Italy]] during World War II as a member of the segregated [[U.S. 366th Infantry Regiment|366th Infantry Regiment]], earning a [[Bronze Star]]. In Italy Brooke met his future wife Remigia Ferrari-Scacco, with whom he had two daughters, Remi and Edwina. Following his discharge, Brooke graduated from the [[Boston University School of Law]] in 1948. In 1950 he ran for a seat in the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]] in both the Democratic and Republican primaries. Brooke won the Republican nomination, but lost the general election, isolating himself from a potential future in the Democratic Party.<ref name="jacobs">Jacobs, Sally. "[http://graphics.boston.com/globe/magazine/2000/3-5/featurestory2.shtml The unfinished chapter]" ''Boston Globe'', March 5, 2000.</ref> Brooke then made two more tries for office, including one for [[Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth|secretary of state]], but lost both races.{{r|time19670217}} The loss in the secretary's race (to future [[Boston]] Mayor [[Kevin White (mayor)|Kevin White]]) was particularly close, and highlighted Brooke's potential to Republican Party leaders.<ref>Cutler, p. 63</ref>

Governor [[John Volpe]] sought to reward Brooke for his effort, and offered him a number of jobs, most judicial in nature. Seeking a position with a higher political profile, Brooke eventually accepted the position of chairman of Finance Commission of Boston, where he investigated financial irregularities and uncovered evidence of corruption in city affairs. He was described in the press as having "the tenacity of a [[terrier]]", and it was reported that he "restore to vigorous life an agency which many had thought moribund."<ref>Cutler, pp. 65-67</ref> He parlayed his achievements there into a successful election as [[Attorney General of Massachusetts]] in 1962; he was the first elected African-American Attorney General of any state.<ref name=cnn /> In this position, Brooke gained a reputation as a vigorous prosecutor of [[organized crime]] and corruption, securing convictions against a number of members of the [[Foster Furcolo|Furcolo]] administration; an indictment against Furcolo was dismissed due to lack of evidence.<ref>Cutler, pp. 104-105</ref> He also coordinated with local police departments on the [[Boston strangler]] case, although the press mocked him for permitting an alleged psychic to participate in the investigation.<ref name="time19670217">{{cite news|title=The Senate: An Individual Who Happens To Be a Negro|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,839437,00.html|accessdate=2010-12-24|newspaper=Time|date=1967-02-17}}</ref> Brooke was portrayed in the [[The Boston Strangler (film)|1968 film dramatizing the case]] by [[William Marshall (film and television actor)|William Marshall]].

==U.S. Senator==
[[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1966|In 1966]] Brooke defeated former [[Governor of Massachusetts|Governor]] [[Endicott Peabody]] with 1,213,473 votes to 744,761, and served as a [[United States Senator]] for two terms, from January 3, 1967, to January 3, 1979. The black vote had "no measurable bearing" on the election as less than 3% of the state's population was black, and Peabody also supported civil rights for blacks. Brooke stated "I do not intend to be a national leader of the Negro people", and "condemned both [[Stokely Carmichael]] and Georgia's [[Lester Maddox]]" as extremists; nonetheless, his historic election gave Brooke "a 50-state constituency, a power base that no other Senator can claim."{{r|time19670217}} In 1967, he served on the [[President of the United States|President]]'s [[Kerner Commission|Commission on Civil Disorders]]. He was a member of the liberal wing of the Republican Party and organized the Senate's "Wednesday Club" of progressive Republicans who met for Wednesday lunches and strategy discussions. Brooke, who had supported [[Michigan Governor]] [[George W. Romney]]{{r|time19670217}} and then New York Governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]]'s bids for the 1968 GOP presidential nomination against [[Richard Nixon]]'s, often differed with President Nixon on matters of social policy and civil rights.

By his second year in the Senate, Brooke had taken his place as a leading advocate against discrimination in housing and on behalf of affordable housing. With [[Walter Mondale]], a Minnesota Democrat and fellow member of the [[Senate Banking Committee]], he co-authored the [[Civil Rights Act of 1968|1968 Fair Housing Act]], which prohibits discrimination in housing, and created HUD's [[Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity]] as the primary enforcer of the law. President Johnson signed the Fair Housing Act into law on April 11, one week after the assassination of [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]]. Dissatisfied with the weakened enforcement provisions that emerged from the legislative process, Brooke repeatedly proposed stronger provisions during his Senate career. In 1969, Congress enacted the "Brooke Amendment" to the federal publicly assisted housing program which limited the tenants' out-of-pocket rent expenditure to 25 percent of his or her income. By the 1990s, the percentage had gradually increased, but the principle of limiting the housing 'burden' of
very-low income renters survives in statute, {{as of|2008|lc=on}}.
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Brooke, Volpe, and Nixon IMG 0352.JPG|right|thumb|[[Richard M. Nixon]] (center), then a former Vice President of the United States, campaigns in Massachusetts in the [[United States Senate elections, 1966|1966 mid-term elections for U.S. Senate]] nominee Edward Brooke (left) and [[Governor of Massachusetts|Governor]] [[John A. Volpe]]. This poster is locaed in the [[Presidential Museum and Leadership Library]] in [[Odessa, Texas|Odessa]], Texas.]] -->

During the Nixon presidency, Brooke opposed repeated Administration attempts to close down the [[Job Corps]] and the Office of Economic Opportunity and to weaken the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]]—all foundational elements of President Lyndon Johnson's [[Great Society]].

In 1969, Brooke was a leader of the bipartisan coalition that defeated the Senate confirmation of the President's nominee to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]], [[Clement Haynsworth]]. A few months later, he again organized sufficient Republican support to defeat Nixon's second Supreme Court nominee [[Harrold Carswell]]. Nixon then turned to [[Harry A. Blackmun]], later the author of the ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' opinion.

In 1970, the Senate adopted his resolution prohibiting tests of [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|MIRV missiles]].

Despite Brooke's disagreements with Nixon, the president reportedly respected the senator's abilities; after [[United States presidential election, 1968|Nixon's election]] he had offered to make Brooke a member of his cabinet, or [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|ambassador to the UN]]. The press discussed Brooke as a possible replacement for [[Spiro Agnew]] as Nixon's running mate in the [[United States presidential election, 1972|1972 presidential election]].<ref name="time19711213">{{cite news|title=The Brooke Scenario|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,910147,00.html|accessdate=2010-12-24|newspaper=Time|date=1971-12-13}}</ref> While Nixon retained Agnew, Brooke was [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1972|re-elected in 1972]], defeating Democrat John J. Droney by a vote of 64%–35%.

Before the first year of his second term ended, Brooke became the first Republican to call on President Nixon to resign, on November 4, 1973, shortly after the [[Watergate]]-related "[[Saturday night massacre]]". He had risen to become the ranking Republican on the [[Senate Banking Committee]] and on two powerful Appropriations subcommittees, Labor, [[Health and Human Services]] (HHS) and Foreign Operations. From these positions, Brooke defended and strengthened the programs he identified with; for example, he was a leader in enactment of the [[Equal Credit Act]] which ensured married women the right to credit of their own.
[[File:Brooke and Johnson - Oval Office.jpg|thumb|Senator Edward Brooke meeting with [[President of the United States|President]] [[Lyndon Johnson]] in the [[Oval Office]] shortly after taking office in the Senate in 1967.]]

In 1974, with Indiana senator [[Birch Bayh]], he led the fight to retain [[Title IX]], a 1972 amendment to the [[Higher Education Act of 1965]], that guarantees equal educational opportunity to girls and women.

In 1975, with the extension and expansion of the [[Voting Rights Act]] at stake, Brooke faced senator [[John Stennis]] (D-Mississippi) in "extended debate" and won the Senate's support for the extension. The press again speculated on his possible candidacy for the Vice Presidency as [[Gerald Ford]]'s running mate in [[United States presidential election, 1976|1976]], with ''Time'' calling him an "able legislator and a staunch party loyalist".<ref name="time19751117">{{cite news|title=A Brand New Race for 2nd Place|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,917950,00.html|accessdate=2010-12-25|newspaper=Time|date=1975-11-17}}</ref>

In 1976, he also took on the role of supporter of [[Pro-choice|wide-scale, legalized abortion]]. The Appropriations bill for HHS became the battleground over this issue because it funds [[Medicaid]]. The [[pro-life]] movement fought, eventually successfully, to prohibit funding for abortions of low-income women insured by Medicaid. Brooke led the fight against restrictions in the [[Senate Appropriations Committee]] and in the House-Senate Conference until his defeat.

In Massachusetts, Brooke's support among Catholics weakened, and during the [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1978|1978 re-election campaign]], the state's bishops spoke in opposition to his leading role, in spite of the equally pro-choice position of his Democratic opponent.{{citation needed|date=March 2012}} In addition, he was challenged in the Republican primary by a conservative talk show host, [[Avi Nelson]]. Most seriously, Brooke "confessed that he had made a false statement about his finances in his divorce deposition. The admission...erupted into a staccato of charges that ultimately cost him his Senate seat" to [[Paul Tsongas]].<ref name="jacobs" /> In 1992, a plea agreement by a top aide to Brooke admitted that Brooke falsely stated that neither he nor the aide had tried to influence a HUD official on behalf of a client of Brooke.<ref name="Associated Press">Associated Press. "[http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/1992_1094722/senate-aide-enters-plea-in-scandal.html]" ''Associated Press'', Nov. 21, 1992.</ref>

==Post-Senate life==
After leaving the Senate, Brooke practiced law in Washington, D.C., partner O'Connor & Hannan; of counsel, Csaplar & Bok, Boston and served as chairman of the board of the National Low Income Housing Coalition.{{citation needed|date=November 2010}} In 1984 he became chairman of the [[Boston Bank of Commerce]], and one year later he was named to the board of directors of [[Grumman]]. In 1996, he became the first chairman of the [[World Policy Council]], a [[think tank]] of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] whose purpose is to expand the fraternity's involvement in politics, and social and current policy to encompass international concerns. Brooke currently serves as the council's chairman [[emeritus]] and was honorary chairman at the [[Alpha Phi Alpha#Centennial celebration|Centennial Convention]] of Alpha Phi Alpha held in Washington, D.C., in 2006.<ref name=alphavideo>{{cite video |people=Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity |title=Alpha Phi Alpha Men: "A Century of Leadership'' |medium=Video |publisher=Rubicon Productions |date=2005}}</ref>
[[File:Bush presents Medal of Freedom to Edward William Brooke.jpg|thumb|right|Edward Brooke is congratulated by President [[George W. Bush]] at the Ceremony for the 2004 Recipients of the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], The [[w:East Room (White House)|East Room]] of the White House.]]
On June 20, 2000, a newly constructed Boston courthouse was dedicated in his honor. The [[Edward W. Brooke Courthouse]] is part of the Massachusetts Trial Court system, and houses the central division of the Boston Municipal Court, Boston Juvenile Court, Family Court, and Boston Housing Court, among others.<ref>[http://www.bu.edu/phpbin/news/releases/display.php?id=271 Dedication of the Edward W. Brooke Courthouse], a news release from [[Boston University]]</ref>

In 2002, scholar [[Molefi Kete Asante]] listed Edward Brooke on his list of [[100 Greatest African Americans]].<ref>Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.</ref>

In September 2002, he was diagnosed with [[male breast cancer|breast cancer]] and, since then, has assumed a national role in raising awareness of the disease among men.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibca.net/online_resources/edward_brooke.php|title=Surprise Role for Ex-Senator: Male Breast Cancer Patient|last=Clementson|first=Lynette|date=2003-06-10|work=New York Times}}</ref>

On June 23, 2004, President [[George W. Bush]] awarded Brooke the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients|url=http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/two_column_table/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Recipients.htm|publisher=United States Senate|accessdate=February 4, 2013}}</ref> That same year he received the Jeremy Nicholson Negro Achievement Award, acknowledging his outstanding contributions to the African American community.<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/reconstruction-african-american-senators/story?id=18368916 ABC News.go.com: Reconstruction and Beyond: The 8 African-American Senators]</ref> On April 29, 2006, the [[Massachusetts Republican Party]] awarded the first annual "Edward Brooke Award" to former [[White House Chief of Staff]] [[Andrew Card]] at their 2006 State Convention.{{citation needed|date=November 2010}}

Two days after his 90th birthday, Brooke was presented with the [[Congressional Gold Medal]] on October 28, 2009.<ref name=cnn>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/10/28/congressional.medal/ | title=Former senator awarded Congressional Gold Medal | accessdate=2009-10-28 | date=2009-10-28 | publisher=CNN }} [http://www.webcitation.org/5uGnb5gya WebCitation archive].</ref>

The first of Boston's [[Brooke Charter Schools]] was founded in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.ebrooke.org/about-us/|publisher=Brooke Charter Schools|accessdate=February 4, 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 2008, [[Barbara Walters]] wrote in her memoir ''Audition'' that she and Brooke had an affair lasting several years during the 1970s, while Brooke was married to his first wife. Walters said that they ended the relationship to protect their careers from possible scandal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/1.331164|title=Barbara Walters: I had an affair with married Senator Edward Brooke|author=Jo Piazza|work=New York Daily News|date=2008-05-01|accessdate=2008-05-02}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Brooke has not commented on the claim.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008May02/0,4670,TVWaltersAffair,00.html|title=Former Sen. Brooke mum on reported Barbara Walters affair|author=Frazier Moore|agency=Associated Press |date=2008-05-02|accessdate=2008-05-04}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
*[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]
*[[Congressional Gold Medal]]
*[[Bronze Star Medal]]
*[[American Campaign Medal]]
*[[European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]]
*[[World War II Victory Medal]]


==See also==
== Biographie ==
Brooke wurde als Sohn von Edward William Brooke, Jr. und Helen Seldon in Washington, D.C. geboren. Er war das mittlere der drei Kinder des Ehepaares. Er besuchte in Washington die öffentlichen Schulen sowie die [[Dunbar High School]], eine der prestigeträchtigsten High Schools für [[Afroamerikaner]] in der Bundeshauptstadt. Er entschied sich danach zunächst ein Studium der [[Humanmedizin]], wechselte jedoch recht bald zu den [[Sozialwissenschaft]]en. 1941 schloss er sein Studium ab. Er verpflichtete sich unmittelbar nach dem [[Angriff auf Pearl Harbor]] als Soldat in der [[United States Army]]. Dort diente er während des [[Zweiter Weltkrieg|Zweiten Weltkrieges]] in Italien, wo er auch seine spätere erste Ehefrau kennen lernte. 1945 schied Brooke, der zuletzt im Range eines [[Hauptmann (Offizier)|Captain]] tätig war, aus dem aktiven Dienst aus. Er wurde während seines Militärdienstes mit der [[Bronze Star Medal]] ausgezeichnet.
{{Portal|United States Army|World War II}}
{{Portal|Washington, D.C.|Massachusetts}}
*[[List of African-American firsts]]


Nach seiner Rückkehr in die USA schrieb sich Brooke für ein erneutes Studium ein, diesmal [[Rechtswissenschaften|Jura]] an der [[Boston University]]. 1948 schloss er das Studium erfolgreich ab. 1950 kandidierte er in den Vorwahlen der Republikaner und der [[Demokratische Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)|Demokraten]] für einen Sitz im [[Repräsentantenhaus von Massachusetts]]. Die Vorwahl der Republikaner konnte er für sich entscheiden, in der Hauptwahl konnte er sich jedoch nicht durchsetzen, womit er sich eine Zukunft bei den traditionell in Massachusetts starken Demokraten verbaute. Fortan kandidierte er bei zwei weiteren Wahlen für die Republikaner, konnte sich jedoch beide Male nicht durchsetzen. So verlor er die Wahl zum [[Secretary of State (US-Bundesstaaten)|Secretary of State]] äußerst knapp. Die Spitzen der Republikaner in Massachusetts wurden daraufhin auf Brooke aufmerksam. [[Gouverneur (Vereinigte Staaten)|Gouverneur]] [[John Volpe]] berief ihn zum Vorsitzenden der Finanzkommission von [[Boston]], wo sich Brooke einen Namen machte. Dort war er zuständig für die Aufdeckung von finanziellen Unregelmäßigkeiten und Korruption in der Stadtverwaltung von Boston. 1962 kandidierte Brooke erfolgreich als [[Attorney General (US-Bundesstaaten)|Attorney General]] von Massachusetts. Er war der erste Afroamerikaner, der dieses Amt in einem US-Bundesstaat übernahm. Auch in diesem Amt konnte sich Brooke profilieren, unter anderem bei der Bekämpfung der Organisierten Kriminalität. In seine Amtszeit fiel auch der Fall des [[Albert Henry DeSalvo]], der als ''Boston Strangler'' Schlagzeilen machte. 1965 wurde Brooke in die [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] gewählt.
==Bibliography==
*John F. Becker and Eugene E. Heaton, Jr., "The Election of Senator Edward W. Brooke," ''[[Public Opinion Quarterly]]'', Vol. 31, No. 3 (Autumn, 1967), pp.&nbsp;346–358
*Edward Brooke (2006), ''Bridging The Divide: My Life''. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3905-6.
*Edward Brooke (1966), ''The Challenge of Change: Crisis in our Two-Party System''. Little, Brown, Boston.
*John Henry Cutler(1972), ''Ed Brooke: Biography of a Senator''. Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis.
*Judson L. Jeffries, ''U.S. Senator Edward W. Brooke and Governor L. Douglas Wilder Tell Political Scientists How Blacks Can Win High-Profile Statewide Office'', [[American Political Science Association]], 1999.
*Timothy N. Thurber, Virginia Commonwealth University, "Goldwaterism Triumphant?: Race and the Debate Among Republicans over the Direction of the GOP, 1964–1968.” Paper presented at the 2006 Conference of the Historical Society, Chapel Hill, NC. http://www.bu.edu/historic/06conf_papers/Thurber.pdf
*Barbara Walters (2008), ''Audition: A Memoir''. Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-26646-0.


Bei den [[Wahl zum Senat der Vereinigten Staaten 1966|Senatswahlen 1966]] kandidierte Brooke für den Sitz des nicht mehr kandidierenden [[Leverett Saltonstall (Politiker, 1892)|Leverett Saltonstall]]. Er konnte sich gegen [[Endicott Peabody]] durchsetzen und war der erste Afroamerikaner, der von der wahlberechtigten Bevölkerung nach der Verabschiedung des [[17. Zusatzartikel zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten|17. Zusatzartikels]] in den Senat gewählt wurde. Er war unter anderem Mitglied des [[United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs]]. 1972 wurde Brooke wiedergewählt, so dass er auch hier der erste Afroamerikaner war, dem dies gelang. 1978 musste er sich [[Paul Tsongas]] geschlagen geben und schied 1979 aus dem Senat aus.
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}


Nach dem Ausscheiden aus dem Senat war er fortan als Rechtsanwalt in Washington, D.C. tätig. Am 20. Juni 2000 wurde das ''Edward W. Brooke Courthouse'', ein Gerichtsgebäude in Boston, nach ihm benannt. Im Jahr 2002 wurde bei ihm [[Brustkrebs]] diagnostiziert. Nach dem Erhalt der Diagnose war er Unterstützer von mehreren Kampagnen, die auf die seltene Erkrankung bei Männern aufmerksam machten. Am 23. Juni 2004 wurde er von [[Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten|US-Präsident]] [[George W. Bush]] mit der [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] ausgezeichnet. Am 28. Oktober 2009 erhielt er die [[Congressional Gold Medal]]. Im Alter von 95 Jahren starb Brooke am 3. Januar 2015 in Coral Gables in Florida, wo er bis zuletzt mit seiner zweiten Ehefrau gelebt hatte.<ref>Douglas Martin: [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/us/edward-brooke-pioneering-us-senator-in-massachusetts-dies-at-95.html ''Edward W. Brooke III, 95, Senate Pioneer, Is Dead.''] In: [[The New York Times]] vom 3. Januar 2015 (englisch, abgerufen am 4. Januar 2015).</ref>
==Multimedia==
*[http://www.visionaryproject.com/brookeedward Edward Brooke's oral history video excerpts] at The National Visionary Leadership Project


==External links==
== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat}}
*{{CongBio|B000871}}
{{Kongressbio|B000871}}
*[http://www.visionaryproject.com/brookeedward Edward Brooke's oral history video excerpts] at The National Visionary Leadership Project
* {{Findagrave}}
*[http://www.ebrooke.org/ Edward W. Brooke Charter School] A public charter school founded in Senator Brooke's honor, dedicated to building great teachers and closing the achievement gap.


== Einzelnachweise ==
{{s-start}}
<references />
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Edward J. McCormack, Jr.|Edward McCormack]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Massachusetts Attorney General|Attorney General of Massachusetts]]|years=1963–1967}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Edward T. Martin|Edward Martin]]<br>{{small|Acting}}}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Leverett Saltonstall]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[United States Senator|Senator]] from [[Massachusetts]]<br>([[Classes of United States Senators|Class 2]])|years=[[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1966|1966]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1972|1972]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1978|1978]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ray Shamie]]}}
|-
{{s-par|us-sen}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Leverett Saltonstall]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Senators from Massachusetts|United States Senator (Class 2) from Massachusetts]]|years=1967–1979|alongside=[[Ted Kennedy]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Paul Tsongas]]}}
|-
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Harry F. Byrd, Jr.]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of longest-living United States Senators|Oldest living United States Senator]]|years=2013–present}}
{{s-inc|recent}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}


{{NaviBlock|Navigationsleiste US-Senatoren aus Massachusetts|Navigationsleiste Massachusetts Attorney General}}
{{USSenMA}}
{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=132981556|LCCN=n80070493|VIAF=30837450}}
{{United States presidential election, 1968}}


{{SORTIERUNG:Brooke, Edward}}
{{Authority control|VIAF=30837450}}
[[Kategorie:Senator der Vereinigten Staaten aus Massachusetts]]
[[Kategorie:Attorney General (Massachusetts)]]
[[Kategorie:Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei]]
[[Kategorie:Hauptmann (United States Army)]]
[[Kategorie:Träger der Bronze Star Medal]]
[[Kategorie:Träger der Goldenen Ehrenmedaille des Kongresses]]
[[Kategorie:Träger der Presidential Medal of Freedom]]
[[Kategorie:Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)]]
[[Kategorie:Person im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Vereinigte Staaten)]]
[[Kategorie:Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Kategorie:US-Amerikaner]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1919]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 2015]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]


{{Personendaten
{{Persondata
|NAME= III, Edward William Brooke
|NAME=Brooke, Edward
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Brooke III, Edward William (vollständiger Name)
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=US-amerikanischer Politiker (Republikanische Partei)
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= United States politician, lawyer
|DATE OF BIRTH= October 26, 1919
|GEBURTSDATUM=26. Oktober 1919
|PLACE OF BIRTH=Washington, D.C., USA
|GEBURTSORT=[[Washington, D.C.]]
|STERBEDATUM=3. Januar 2015
|DATE OF DEATH=
|STERBEORT=[[Coral Gables]], Florida
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brooke, Edward William III}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:African-American military personnel]]
[[Category:African-American politicians]]
[[Category:African-American United States Senators]]
[[Category:American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:American military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Boston University School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Breast cancer survivors]]
[[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Howard University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Attorneys General]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Republicans]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bronze Star Medal]]
[[Category:Republican Party United States Senators]]
[[Category:Spingarn Medal winners]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Massachusetts]]

Aktuelle Version vom 17. November 2022, 21:42 Uhr

Edward Brooke

Edward William Brooke III (* 26. Oktober 1919 in Washington, D.C.; † 3. Januar 2015 in Coral Gables, Florida) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker der Republikanischen Partei. Von 1967 bis 1979 saß er für den US-Bundesstaat Massachusetts im US-Senat und war damit der erste vom Volk gewählte afro-amerikanische US-Senator.

Biographie

Brooke wurde als Sohn von Edward William Brooke, Jr. und Helen Seldon in Washington, D.C. geboren. Er war das mittlere der drei Kinder des Ehepaares. Er besuchte in Washington die öffentlichen Schulen sowie die Dunbar High School, eine der prestigeträchtigsten High Schools für Afroamerikaner in der Bundeshauptstadt. Er entschied sich danach zunächst ein Studium der Humanmedizin, wechselte jedoch recht bald zu den Sozialwissenschaften. 1941 schloss er sein Studium ab. Er verpflichtete sich unmittelbar nach dem Angriff auf Pearl Harbor als Soldat in der United States Army. Dort diente er während des Zweiten Weltkrieges in Italien, wo er auch seine spätere erste Ehefrau kennen lernte. 1945 schied Brooke, der zuletzt im Range eines Captain tätig war, aus dem aktiven Dienst aus. Er wurde während seines Militärdienstes mit der Bronze Star Medal ausgezeichnet.

Nach seiner Rückkehr in die USA schrieb sich Brooke für ein erneutes Studium ein, diesmal Jura an der Boston University. 1948 schloss er das Studium erfolgreich ab. 1950 kandidierte er in den Vorwahlen der Republikaner und der Demokraten für einen Sitz im Repräsentantenhaus von Massachusetts. Die Vorwahl der Republikaner konnte er für sich entscheiden, in der Hauptwahl konnte er sich jedoch nicht durchsetzen, womit er sich eine Zukunft bei den traditionell in Massachusetts starken Demokraten verbaute. Fortan kandidierte er bei zwei weiteren Wahlen für die Republikaner, konnte sich jedoch beide Male nicht durchsetzen. So verlor er die Wahl zum Secretary of State äußerst knapp. Die Spitzen der Republikaner in Massachusetts wurden daraufhin auf Brooke aufmerksam. Gouverneur John Volpe berief ihn zum Vorsitzenden der Finanzkommission von Boston, wo sich Brooke einen Namen machte. Dort war er zuständig für die Aufdeckung von finanziellen Unregelmäßigkeiten und Korruption in der Stadtverwaltung von Boston. 1962 kandidierte Brooke erfolgreich als Attorney General von Massachusetts. Er war der erste Afroamerikaner, der dieses Amt in einem US-Bundesstaat übernahm. Auch in diesem Amt konnte sich Brooke profilieren, unter anderem bei der Bekämpfung der Organisierten Kriminalität. In seine Amtszeit fiel auch der Fall des Albert Henry DeSalvo, der als Boston Strangler Schlagzeilen machte. 1965 wurde Brooke in die American Academy of Arts and Sciences gewählt.

Bei den Senatswahlen 1966 kandidierte Brooke für den Sitz des nicht mehr kandidierenden Leverett Saltonstall. Er konnte sich gegen Endicott Peabody durchsetzen und war der erste Afroamerikaner, der von der wahlberechtigten Bevölkerung nach der Verabschiedung des 17. Zusatzartikels in den Senat gewählt wurde. Er war unter anderem Mitglied des United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. 1972 wurde Brooke wiedergewählt, so dass er auch hier der erste Afroamerikaner war, dem dies gelang. 1978 musste er sich Paul Tsongas geschlagen geben und schied 1979 aus dem Senat aus.

Nach dem Ausscheiden aus dem Senat war er fortan als Rechtsanwalt in Washington, D.C. tätig. Am 20. Juni 2000 wurde das Edward W. Brooke Courthouse, ein Gerichtsgebäude in Boston, nach ihm benannt. Im Jahr 2002 wurde bei ihm Brustkrebs diagnostiziert. Nach dem Erhalt der Diagnose war er Unterstützer von mehreren Kampagnen, die auf die seltene Erkrankung bei Männern aufmerksam machten. Am 23. Juni 2004 wurde er von US-Präsident George W. Bush mit der Presidential Medal of Freedom ausgezeichnet. Am 28. Oktober 2009 erhielt er die Congressional Gold Medal. Im Alter von 95 Jahren starb Brooke am 3. Januar 2015 in Coral Gables in Florida, wo er bis zuletzt mit seiner zweiten Ehefrau gelebt hatte.[1]

Commons: Edward Brooke – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ Douglas Martin: Edward W. Brooke III, 95, Senate Pioneer, Is Dead. In: The New York Times vom 3. Januar 2015 (englisch, abgerufen am 4. Januar 2015).
Personendaten
NAME Brooke, Edward
ALTERNATIVNAMEN Brooke III, Edward William (vollständiger Name)
KURZBESCHREIBUNG US-amerikanischer Politiker (Republikanische Partei)
GEBURTSDATUM 26. Oktober 1919
GEBURTSORT Washington, D.C.
STERBEDATUM 3. Januar 2015
STERBEORT Coral Gables, Florida
Quelle: https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Brooke&diff=228066351&oldid=137404701