Pickett-Hamilton Fort
Vorlage:Infobox Military Structure
The Pickett-Hamilton fort is a type of hardened field fortification built in Britain during the invasion crisis of 1940–1941.
It was designed by James Ruck and was made from prefabricated concrete sections and paving slabs, sandbags and rammed earth. The Ruck machine gun post was relatively widely used in Lincolnshire and along the east coast of England,Vorlage:Sfn but is now extremely rare with just a handful of extant examples.Vorlage:Sfn Today, just five Ruck machine gun post sites are recorded in the Defence of Britain database.[1]
Design
James Ruck was the north midlands regional works adviser to the Ministry of Home Security. His principal duties related to the provision of air-raid shelters. In June 1940, he offered the military a design for a machine gun post:[2]
Ruck's design was based on precast half-arch concrete sections produced by Hydroprest Concrete Ltd at Scunthorpe.[2] Four Vorlage:Convert sections formed an arch with inside dimensions Vorlage:Convert wide, Vorlage:Convert high and Vorlage:Convert long. Any number of the arches could be assembled together to form a structure of a desired length, but for Ruck’s design 20-inch gaps between the arches would be left to serve as embrasures, with an inside length of Vorlage:Convert. The arches were clad with two layers of mortar and concrete paving slabs; this filled in the gaps except where an embrasure was required and gave a wall thickness that varied between Vorlage:Convert. The ends were walled up with hollow concrete blocks filled with bricks; the wall at one end had an embrasure, the other end had an entrance. The concrete offered only limited protection, so the structure would be partly buried and then surrounded by an outer wall of sandbags to the level of the embrasures and the gap between the wall and the concrete filled with rammed earth.[2]
According to Ruck, who enthusiastically promoted his design, the principal advantages of the machine gun post were that it could be quickly constructed by unskilled labour and made economical use of materials. The precast components could be produced at the rate of 70 posts per day and Ruck claimed that six unskilled men could complete three precast units in a day.[2] Ruck also emphasised that his design made use of "some hundreds of thousands of tons of this material lying in stocks in makers yards throughout the country requiring no fresh drain on cement or steel".[2] Ruck estimated the cost of a post to be just £40 [equivalent to £2,300 in Vorlage:CURRENTISOYEARVorlage:Inflation-fn].[2]
Construction
In July 1940, instructions were issued for the order of 1,600 posts,[2] by September 1940 some 4,000 posts had been constructed and there were orders for a further 2,000.[2]
Today, the Ruck machine gun post presents something of a mystery. Despite the substantial numbers constructed, traces of them are rare – just 5 were recorded by the Defence of Britain project.[3] Of all the pillbox designs, the Ruck machine gun post is one of the most readily disassembled and this may have been the fate of many of these posts. Because the post had to be partially buried, it was best employed on rising ground;[2] it may be that many were deployed in soft cliffs and dunes along an ever-changing coastline and have been lost to erosion.[4] Finally, there may be extant examples that are simply unrecognised for what they are.
See also
Notes
References
- William Foot: Beaches, fields, streets, and hills ... the anti-invasion landscapes of England, 1940. Council for British Archaeology, 2006, ISBN 1-902771-53-2.
- Pickett-Hamilton Fort. In: Pillbox study group. Abgerufen am 21. September 2016.
- William Foot: Beaches, fields, streets, and hills ... the anti-invasion landscapes of England, 1940. Council for British Archaeology, 2006, ISBN 1-902771-53-2.
- Mike Osborne: Defending Britain ... twentieth century military structures in the landscape. Tempus Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-7524-3134-X.
- Austin Ruddy: British Anti-Invasion Defences 1940–1945 (= Official Handbook of the Pillbox Study Group). Historic Military Press, 2003, ISBN 1-901313-20-4.
- Henry Wills: Pillboxes: A Study of UK Defences. Leo Cooper, 1985, ISBN 0-436-57360-1.
- Ruck Machine Gun Post. In: Thesaurus. English Heritage, abgerufen am 21. September 2016.
- THE PICKETT HAMILTON FORT. In: Tangmere Military Aviation Museum. Abgerufen am 21. September 2016.
- Rare war-time 'disappearing pillbox' found at Evanton. In: BBC News. 17. Dezember 2013, abgerufen am 21. September 2016.
- PICKETT HAMILTON FORT. In: LASHENDEN AIR WARFARE MUSEUM. Abgerufen am 21. September 2016.
- Hidden WWII secrets unearthed at RAF Coltishall. In: North Norfolk News. Abgerufen am 21. September 2016.
- A RARE FIND. In: uk.rec.subterranea. Abgerufen am 21. September 2016.
- Abgerufen am 21. September 2016.
- Abgerufen am 21. September 2016.
- Abgerufen am 21. September 2016.
"H197/8" >Machine gun posts constructed from hollow concrete blocks - HO 197/8, The National Archives
External links
- The National Archives. In: Repository of UK government records. Abgerufen am 2. August 2010.
Vorlage:Use dmy dates Vorlage:Use British English
- ↑ Overview. In: Defence of Britain database. Abgerufen am 4. September 2010.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Referenzfehler: Ungültiges
<ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen H197/8. - ↑ Overview. In: Defence of Britain database. Abgerufen am 8. Januar 2014.
- ↑ North Yorkshire. In: Pillbox Walks. Abgerufen am 17. Januar 2016.
