„Thomas de Courtenay, 5. Earl of Devon“ – Versionsunterschied

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[[Datei:Courtenay of Devon.svg|mini|hochkant|Familienwappen der Courtenays of Devon]]
{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
'''Thomas de Courtenay, 5. Earl of Devon''' (* [[1414]]; † [[3. Februar]] [[1458]] in [[Abingdon Abbey]]) war ein [[Königreich England|englischer]] [[Peer (Adel)|Adliger]] und [[Magnat]].
{{Infobox peer
| name = Thomas de Courtenay
| image = Courtenay of Devon.svg
| image_size =
| caption = Arms of the Courtenay earls of Devon: ''Or, three [[roundel (heraldry)|torteaux]] a [[Label (heraldry)|label]] azure''
| birth_date = 3 May 1414
| birth_place = [[Devon]], [[England]]
| death_date = 3 February 1458 (aged 43)
| death_place = [[Abingdon Abbey]], [[Oxfordshire]], England
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
| title = 5th or 13th [[Earl of Devon]]{{refn|The ordinal number given to the early Courtenay [[Earl of Devon|Earls of Devon]] depends on whether the earldom is deemed a new creation by the letters patent granted on 22 February 1335, or whether it is deemed a restitution of the old dignity of the de Redvers family. Authorities differ in their opinions,<ref>Watson, {{harvnb|Cokayne|1916|p=[https://archive.org/stream/completepeerageo04coka#page/324/ 324], footnote c}}<!-- Who's Watson? -->: "This would appear more like a restitution of the old dignity than the creation of a new earldom"; Debrett's ''Peerage'' ({{harvnb|Debrett|1968|p=353}}) however gives the ordinal numbers as if a new earldom had been created.</ref> and thus alternative ordinal numbers exist and are given here.}}
| tenure = 16 June 1422 – 3 February 1458
| other_titles = 6th [[Baron Courtenay|Lord Courtenay]]<br>[[Feudal barony of Okehampton|Baron of Okehampton]]
| residence = [[Okehampton Castle]]<br>[[Tiverton Castle]]<br>[[Colcombe Castle]]
| nationality = [[Kingdom of England]]
| locality = [[Devon]], [[Cornwall]]
| wars_and_battles = [[Hundred Years' War]]<br>[[Bonville–Courtenay feud]]<br>• [[Clyst Heath#Battle of Clyst Heath (1455)|Battle of Clyst Heath]]<br>[[Wars of the Roses]]<br>• [[First Battle of St Albans|1st Battle of St Albans]]{{WIA}}
| offices = Steward of the [[duchy of Cornwall|duchy of {{space|2}}Cornwall]]
| networth = £1,516 (1422){{sfn|Cherry|2016}}
| known_for =
| years_active =
| spouse = [[Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Devon|Margaret Beaufort]]{{Infobox royalty| embed=yes
| issue = [[Thomas Courtenay, 6th/14th Earl of Devon|Thomas, 6/14th Earl of Devon]]<br>[[John Courtenay, 7th/15th Earl of Devon|John, 7/15th Earl of Devon]]
| issue-link = #Marriage and issue
| issue-pipe = more...
| house = [[House of Courtenay]]
| father = [[Hugh de Courtenay, 4th/12th Earl of Devon]]
| mother = Anne Talbot}}
| signature =
}}
[[File:Tiverton , Tiverton Castle Ruins - geograph.org.uk - 1272097.jpg|thumb|200px|Ruins of Tiverton Castle, seat of the Earls of Devon]]
'''Thomas de Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon''' (3 May 1414 – 3 February 1458) was a nobleman from [[South West England]]. His seat was at [[Colcombe Castle]] near [[Colyton, Devon|Colyton]], and later at the principal historic family seat of [[Tiverton Castle]], after his mother's death. The [[House of Courtenay|Courtenay family]] had historically been an important one in the region, and the dominant force in the counties of [[Devon]] and [[Cornwall]]. However, the rise in power and influence of several [[gentry]] families and other political players, in the years leading up to Thomas' accession to the earldom, threatened the traditional dominance of the earls of Devon in the area. Much of his life was spent in armed territorial [[Bonville–Courtenay feud|struggle against his near-neighbour]], [[William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville|Sir William Bonville]] of [[Shute, Devon|Shute]], at a time when central control over the provinces was weak. This feud forms part of the breakdown in law and order in England that led to the [[Wars of the Roses]].


== Leben ==
Courtenay was for a time engaged in overseas service during the [[Hundred Years' War]].{{sfn|Cokayne|1916|p=326}} Increasingly, however, his efforts became directed towards strengthening his position at home. He had been married off as an infant to [[Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Devon|Margaret Beaufort]], placing Courtenay close to the English king's [[House of Beaufort|Beaufort]] kinsmen. Due to this connection, Courtenay started his career as an adherent to the English court's [[House of Beaufort|Beaufort]] party. Upon their demise in the late 1440s, he abandoned it in favour of [[Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York]]. When York sought the support of Courtenay's arch-enemy Bonville, Courtenay fell out of favour with him. When the Wars of the Roses broke out, he was in the party of the queen, [[Margaret of Anjou]], and was one of the Lancastrian commanders at the [[First Battle of St Albans]], where he was wounded.
Er gehörte der [[Courtenay (Adelsgeschlecht)|Familie Courtenay]] an und war der einzige überlebende Sohn des [[Hugh de Courtenay, 4. Earl of Devon]] (1389–1422) und Anne Talbot (um 1393–1441). Seine Mutter war eine Tochter des [[Richard Talbot, 4. Baron Talbot]] und Schwester des [[John Talbot, 1. Earl of Shrewsbury]].


Um 1421 wurde er mit Lady Margaret Beaufort, Tochter des [[John Beaufort, 1. Earl of Somerset]] verheiratet. Dadurch wurde eine Verbindung mit der [[Beaufort (Adelsgeschlecht)|Familie Beaufort]] geknüpft, die wiederum mit dem englischen Königshaus verwandt war. Er war acht Jahre alt, als am 16. Juni 1422 sein Vater starb und er dessen Adelstitel als 5. [[Earl of Devon]]<ref>Nach alternativer Deutung wird er auch als 13. Earl of Devon gezählt → siehe Hauptartikel [[Earl of Devon]].</ref> erbte. In der Folgezeit stand er unter der [[Vormundschaft]] seines Schwagers [[Thomas Beaufort, 1. Duke of Exeter]] († 1426). Am 19. Mai 1426 schlug ihn König [[Heinrich VI. (England)|Heinrich VI. von England]] zum [[Knight Bachelor|Ritter]].<ref>[[George Edward Cokayne]], Vicary Gibbs (Hrsg.): ''[[The Complete Peerage]].'' Band 4, St. Catherine Press, London 1916, S. 326.</ref> Am 16. Dezember 1431 gehörte er zu den 300 englischen Adligen, die der Krönung König Heinrichs VI. in der Kathedrale [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre Dame]] in [[Paris]] zum ''König von Frankreich'' beiwohnten.
Courtenay was said to have promoted a reconciliation between the Lancastrian and Yorkist parties, but he died suddenly in 1458. The Wars of the Roses later led to the deaths and executions of all three of Courtenay's sons, [[Thomas Courtenay, 6th Earl of Devon|Thomas]], Henry, and [[John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon|John]], and to the eventual [[attainder]] of his titles and forfeiture of his lands. The Earldom was however revived in 1485 for his distant cousin, [[Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1485 creation)|Sir Edward Courtenay]], third in descent from his great-uncle.


Da der Stammsitz seiner Familie, [[Tiverton Castle]], einschließlich eines erheblichen Teils der dazugehörigen Ländereien, war im Besitz seiner verwitweten Mutter geblieben. Courtenay residierte daher bis zum Tod seiner Mutter 1441 zunächst auf [[Colcombe Castle]] und verfügte bis dahin nur über relativ geringe Einkünfte. Die dominierende Stellung des Earls von Devon in [[Devonshire]] wurde ihm ab den 1430er Jahren von einigen Familien der dortigen [[Gentry]] streitig gemacht. So geriet er mit seinem Cousin Sir Philip Courtenay of [[Powderham Castle|Powderham]] und sodann insbesondere mit dem Gatten seiner Tante [[William Bonville, 1. Baron Bonville|Sir William Bonville of Shute]] in Rivalität. Der Konflikt mit Bonville eskalierte im Sommer 1439 in Gewalt, als Courtenay dessen Anwesen, [[Old Shute House|Shute House]], angriff. König Heinrich rief Courtenay daraufhin zur Ordnung und zitierte ihn an seinen Hof nach [[London]]. Der König ernannte Courtenay 1441 zum Steward des [[Herzogtum Cornwall|Herzogtums Cornwall]] ernannt, ein nahezu identisches Amt wie das des ''Royal Steward for Cornwall'', das 1437 Sir William Bonville auf Lebenszeit gewährt worden war. Eine Woche später, im Mai 1441, durfte Courtenay nach Devon zurückkehren, wo die [[Fehde]] zwischen Courtenay und Bonville sogleich wieder aufflammte. Im Dezember 1441 wurden beide erneut vor den König geladen und öffentlich versöhnt. Es blieben jedoch Spannungen bestehen. Schließlich entschied der König, die Situation in Devonshire dadurch zu befrieden, dass er beide Rivalen zum Dienst im [[Hundertjähriger Krieg|Hundertjährigen Krieg]] in Frankreich beorderte, Bonville von 1442 bis 1446 als [[Seneschall der Gascogne]] und Courtenay 1446 als Gouverneur von [[Pont-l’Évêque (Calvados)|Pont-l’Évêque]] in der [[Normandie]]. Vermutlich dank der Fürsprache seines Schwagers [[John Beaufort, 1. Duke of Somerset]], erließ der König Courtenay um 1444 seine Schulden und sprach ihm Anerkennung für gutes Benehmen aus.
==Youth==
Courtenay was born on 3 May 1414,{{sfn|Nathan|1957|p=[{{google books|vno-vmV2F5sC|pg=152|plainurl=yes}} 152]}} the only surviving son of [[Hugh de Courtenay, 4th Earl of Devon|Hugh Courtenay, 4th/12th Earl of Devon]] (1389 &ndash; 16 June 1422) and Anne Talbot{{sfn|Cokayne|1916|p=326}} (c.1393–1441), sister of the renowned warrior [[John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury]]. He succeeded as '''Earl of Devon''' in 1422, at the age of eight. He may at some time before have become a [[wardship|ward]] of the all-powerful [[Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter]].{{sfn|Griffiths|1981|p=15}}


Aufgrund seiner Ehe stand Courtenay am Königshof zunächst der Beaufort-Hofpartei nahe. Mit dem Niedergang der Macht de Beauforts näherte sich Courtenay zunehmend der Partei des [[Richard Plantagenet, 3. Duke of York]], an. Als der Duke of York die Unterstützung von Courtenays Erzfeinden der Familie Bonville suchte, fiel Courtenay bei ihm in Ungnade. Als die [[Rosenkriege]] ausbrachen, stand er auf Seiten der Partei der Königin, [[Margarete von Anjou]]. Er kämpfte auf Seiten der Lancastrians und wurde 1455 in der [[Erste Schlacht von St Albans|Ersten Schlacht von St Albans]] verwundet. Courtenay soll eine Versöhnung zwischen der [[Haus Lancaster|Lancastrianischen]] und der [[Haus York|Yorkistischen]] Partei gefördert haben, aber er starb 1458 plötzlich.
According to Cokayne, Courtenay was knighted on 19 May 1426 by King [[Henry VI of England]],{{sfn|Cokayne|1916|p=326}} and on 16 December 1431, Courtenay was among an entourage of 300 who attended King Henry VI's second coronation{{sfn|Griffiths|1981}} at [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame]] in Paris.{{sfn|Griffiths|1981|p=15}}


===Majority===
== Nachkommen ==
Aus seiner Ehe mit Lady Margaret Beaufort hatte er mindestens fünf Kinder:<ref>Alison Weir: ''Britain’s Royal Families. The Complete Genealogy.'' The Bodley Head, London 1999, S. 106 f.</ref>
It appears that no inquisition of proof of age, customary for a [[tenant in chief]], was taken for his father. Based on his family's history and standing and on his own position as the leading landowner of the county, probably expected to take his place as the leader of Devon society. However, his mother's longevity meant that her dower portion, including Tiverton Castle, and the other Courtenay estates which had been alienated under his father's will were not in his hands and the young Courtenay was forced to live at Colcombe Castle, near [[Colyton, Devon|Colyton]], very close to his enemy [[William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville]], at Shute.{{sfn|Cherry|1981}} His income of £1500 p.a. was lower than that of most nobles of comparable rank.
* Joan Courtenay, ⚭ 1) Sir Roger Clifford, ⚭ 2) Sir William Knyvett of Buckenham;
* Elizabeth Courtenay, ⚭ Sir Hugh Conwy;
* [[Thomas Courtenay, 6. Earl of Devon]] (1432–1461);
* Sir Henry Courtenay († 1466);
* [[John Courtenay, 7. Earl of Devon]] (um 1435–1471).


==Career==
== Literatur ==
* Martin Cherry: ''Courtenay, Thomas, thirteenth earl of Devon (1414–1458).'' In: ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]].'' Oxford University Press, 2004 ([https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/50218 Online]).
===Struggle with Bonville===
* Charles Mosley (Hrsg.): ''[[Burke’s Peerage|Burke’s Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage]].'' Band 1, Burke’s Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, Wilmington 2003, S. 1123.
{{main|Bonville–Courtenay feud}}
* Ralph Alan Griffiths: ''The Reign of King Henry VI. The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461.'' University of California Press, Berkeley 1981, ISBN 0520043723.
[[File:BonvilleArms.png|thumb|200px|Arms of Bonville: ''Sable, six mullets argent pierced gules''{{sfn|Burke|1884|p=99}}]]
The new earl found the political situation in Devonshire increasingly stacked against his own interests as a coalition of the greater [[gentry]], led by [[William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville]], and the earl's cousin, Sir Philip Courtenay of [[Powderham]], threatened the Courtenays’ traditional dominance of the county. The relationship was complicated by Bonville's second marriage in 1430 to Elizabeth Courtenay (d. 1471), Courtenay's aunt. Despite links via his wife, [[Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Devon|Margaret Beaufort]], to the ascendant "court party" led by [[Henry Beaufort|Cardinal Beaufort]] and [[John Beaufort, 1st Marquess of Dorset|John Beaufort, 1st earl of Somerset and Marquess of Dorset]], and by [[Margaret Holland]], daughter of the [[Earl of Kent]], Courtenay failed to rectify his situation and instead resorted to violence, beginning in 1439. With the decline of Beaufort power, Courtenay became increasingly associated with [[Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York]]. Courtenay had been attacking Bonville's estates in the summer of 1439 and the king despatched a [[Privy Councillor]], Sir [[John Stourton, 1st Baron Stourton]], to extract a promise of good behavior from Courtenay, who was thereafter reluctant to attend the court in [[London]].{{sfn|PRO|1907|pp=314, 448}}<ref>The pirate-soldier, Sir Hugh Courtenay, a cousin looted [[merchant vessel]]s along the coast, and led [[brigand]]s with Thomas Carminow, after a long dispute with the Earl.</ref> In 1441, Courtenay was appointed as Steward of the [[Duchy of Cornwall]], a nearly identical post to Royal Steward for Cornwall which had been granted to Sir William Bonville in 1437, for life.{{sfn|PRO|1907|pp=133, 532}} A week later in May 1441, the warrant was retracted. Disputes arose between the two which contemporary records portray as reaching the status of a [[private war]]. Two men wearing Courtenay livery attacked Sir Philip Chetwynd, a friend of Bonville, on the road to London, apparent evidence that the Council's arbitration of November 1440 had failed.<ref>The "Arbitration" was published on 1 April 1442.</ref> Courtenay and Bonville were summoned before the King in December 1441, and were publicly reconciled.{{sfn|Nicolas|1835|pp=165–66, 173–75}} Tensions remained however and this may have been a factor in the crown's requests to both Courtenay, who initially refused, and Bonville to serve in France, Bonville as [[seneschal]] of [[Gascony]] from 1442–46 and Courtenay at [[Pont-l'Évêque, Calvados|Pont-l'Évêque]] in Normandy in 1446.{{sfn|Nicolas|1835|p=[{{google books|1Pw9AAAAcAAJ|pg=240|plainurl=yes}} 240]}} This is one of the few times that Courtenay served abroad, for he had refused in March 1443, seemingly preferring to spend his time bolstering his position in Devon or at court. While Bonville was abroad, the King released Devon from his debts, including the [[recognisance]] for good behaviour, probably remitted by the influence of father-in-law, John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset.{{sfnm|1a1=Nicolas|1y=1835|1p=408|2a1=Public Record Office|2y=1937|2p=396}}


==Royal appointments==
== Weblinks ==
* {{thepeerage|p10739.htm#i107390|Thomas Courtenay, 5th Earl of Devon}}
===Commissions===
His advantageous marriage to [[Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Devon|Margaret Beaufort]] brought him links to the "court party", and Courtenay began to be selected by the king to serve on Westcountry commissions and was granted an annuity of £100 for his services.{{sfn|Nicolas|1837|p=315}}


== Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen ==
===Other===
<references/>
1445 marked a fleeting high point in Courtenay's fortunes, with his appointment as High Steward of England at Queen Margaret's coronation on 25 May.{{sfn|PRO|1908|p=355}} Only the year before, March 1444, Bonville had identified himself with Suffolk, at Margaret's bethrothal in Rouen.


{{Personenleiste|AMT=[[Earl of Devon]]|ZEIT=1422–1458|VORGÄNGER=[[Hugh de Courtenay, 4. Earl of Devon|Hugh de Courtenay]]|NACHFOLGER=[[Thomas Courtenay, 6. Earl of Devon|Thomas Courtenay]]}}
==Abandonment of Beauforts==
The deaths of his brother-in-law [[John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset]], in 1444, and of the leader of the party [[Henry Beaufort|Cardinal Beaufort]], 2nd son of [[John of Gaunt]], in 1447, removed Beaufort leadership of the 'court' party, leaving [[William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk]], as the most influential figure in national politics.<ref>{{harvnb|Watts|1996}} and {{harvnb|Griffiths|1981}} for differing views on the relationship between Suffolk and [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]].</ref> While there is no evidence of direct antagonism between Courtenay and the Duke of Suffolk, the latter appeared to favour the Bonvilles. Sir William Bonville enjoyed links with Suffolk and married his daughter to [[William Tailboys]], one of the Duke's closest associates. Perhaps the most dramatic illustration of this favour was Bonville's elevation to the peerage, presumably at the direction of Suffolk, as [[Baron Bonville]] of Chewton Mendip in 1449.{{sfn|PRO|1941|p=107}}


{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=|LCCN=|VIAF=|GNDfehlt=ja|GNDCheck=2020-06-30}}
==Switch to Yorkist party==
This promotion of his enemy Bonville may have prompted Devon to oppose the 'Court party' and to serve with his friend [[Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York]] during [[Jack Cade's Rebellion]]. Courtenay switched allegiance to York, who with the [[John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk|Duke of Norfolk]] took control briefly of London. He remained loyal to York during the Parliament of November 1450, when they invoked the support of the [[Commons]] to raise taxation. Having rescued the [[Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset|Duke of Somerset]] from an angry London mob, York himself had to flee, taking refuge on the Earl of Devon's [[barge]] rowing down the [[Thames]].
It is hardly surprising that Devon began to become associated with York, who had assumed the leadership of the "opposition" party. The parlous state of national politics (whether the king was a vindictive factionalist or an inane non-entity is largely irrelevant in this context) combined with what seems like a reckless and violent element in Courtenay's own character, led to a further campaign of violence against Bonville and the Suffolk-aligned [[James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond|James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond and Earl of Wiltshire]]. Courtenay and his troops attempted to capture Butler near [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] in Wiltshire before returning to besiege Bonville in [[Taunton|Taunton Castle]]. The arrival of York (whether to suppress or aid the disturbances is uncertain) caused the two sides to make peace which, unsurprisingly, had no real meaning.{{sfn|Cherry|1981|p=281}} York then embarked on his abortive attempt to take control of royal government by force, his only allies being Courtenay and his sometime-associate, [[Edward Brooke, 6th Baron Cobham]].


{{SORTIERUNG:Courtenay, Thomas de, 05 Earl of Devon}}
In the West Country Courtenay hounded Bonville without mercy, and pursued him to [[Taunton Castle]] and laid siege to it.{{sfn|Storey|1999|p=84}} York arrived to lift the siege, and imprisoned Bonville, who was nevertheless quickly released. This exploit ended with the disgrace of all three 'Yorkists' and their submission to royal mercy in March. The King had issued an arrest warrant on 24 September 1451, drafted by Somerset, to be enforced by Butler and Bonville. The Yorkist rebellions prompted royal commissions for Buckingham and Bonville on 14 February 1452. A direct summons without delay was ordered by [[Royal Proclamation]] on 17 February to bring Courtenay and Lord Cobham to London.<ref>Lord Cobham had been dispossessed by the Earl of Wiltshire, a creation of Henry VI.ibid, 98</ref>
[[Kategorie:Earl of Devon]]
[[Kategorie:Baron Courtenay]]
[[Kategorie:Knight Bachelor]]
[[Kategorie:Mitglied des House of Lords]]
[[Kategorie:Person in den Rosenkriegen]]
[[Kategorie:Familienmitglied des Adelsgeschlechts Courtenay (englische Linie)|Thomas, 05 Earl Of Devon]]
[[Kategorie:Engländer]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1414]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1458]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]


{{Personendaten
===Treason charge===
|NAME=de Courtenay, Thomas, 5. Earl of Devon
Courtenay was charged with [[treason]] and briefly imprisoned in [[Wallingford Castle]],{{sfn|Harriss|1965|p=216}} before appearing on trial before the [[House of Lords]]. His [[wikt:disgrace|disgrace]] and political isolation allowed his Devonshire rivals to consolidate their positions, further undermining his decreased standing in the county.{{sfn|Cherry|1981|p=285–86}} Bonville acquired all [[royal commission]]s in the south-west.
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=

|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=englischer Adliger und Magnat
== Resurgence of York ==
|GEBURTSDATUM=1414
King Henry VI's madness and York's appointment as Protector in 1453/4 resulted in a partial rally in Courtenay's fortunes, including his re-appointment to commissions of the peace in the south-western counties, the key barometer of the local balance of power.{{sfn|Cherry|1981|p=290}} He was a member of the Royal Council until April 1454.{{sfnm|1a1=Storey|1y=1999|1p=165|2a1=Nicolas|2y=1837|2pp=189–193}} Courtenay was bound over to keep the peace with a fine of 1000 marks, but ignored its restrictions. Threatened by the Council on 3 June, he was forced on 24 July to make a new bond.{{sfn|Storey|1999|p=166}}
|GEBURTSORT=

|STERBEDATUM=3. Februar 1458
==Abandonment by York==
|STERBEORT=[[Abingdon Abbey]]
This was, however, the end of Courtenay's links with York, whose increasingly tight links with the Neville earls of [[Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury|Salisbury]] and [[Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick|Warwick]] led to an alignment with Bonville away from Courtenay. This culminated in the marriage of [[William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington]], Bonville's grandson, to Salisbury's daughter, Katherine. Courtenay did not endear himself to Somerset either, as he and his sons repeatedly disrupted the sessions of the commissioners of the peace in Exeter during 1454/5, which did not assist Protector Somerset in promoting his role as the guardian of law and order. Courtenay was present at the [[First Battle of St Albans]], and was wounded.{{sfn|Storey|1999|p=166}} York however still considered him at least neutral as the Duke's letters addressed to the King on the eve of battle were delivered to the king via the apparently still trusted hands of Courtenay.{{sfn|Cherry|1981|p=297}}

==Final assault on Bonville==
Perhaps inspired by the way the Nevilles and York had forcefully ended their respective feuds with the [[Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland|Percies]] and the [[Edmund Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset|Duke of Somerset]] in the battle, Courtenay returned to Devon and commenced a further campaign of violence against Bonville and his allies, who were now attached to Warwick's party. The violence began in October 1455 with the horrific murder by Courtenay allies of [[Nicholas Radford]], an eminent [[Westcountry]] lawyer,<ref>"apprentice of the law" Radford was a well-known local dignitary, an old man at the time; {{harvnb|PRO|1909|pp=269, 281}}</ref> Recorder of Exeter and one of Bonville's councilors. Several contemporary accounts, including the [[Paston Letters]], record this event with the ensuing mock-funeral and coronary inquest accompanied by the singing of highly inappropriate songs, in tones of shock and horror unusual during the blunted sensitivities of the fifteenth century.{{sfn|Gairdner|1897|p=351}} Among the murderers was [[Thomas Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon|Thomas Courtenay]], the earl's son and later successor.{{sfn|Storey|1999|pp=168–70}} Parliament, meeting in November 1455, reported 800 horsemen and 4,000 infantry running amok across Devon. On 3 November 1455 Courtenay with his sons, Thomas Carrew of Ashwater and a considerable force of 1,000 men occupied the city of Exeter, nominally controlled by Bonville as castellan of the royal castle of Exeter, which they continued to control until 23 December 1455.<ref>{{Harvnb|Storey|1999|p=167}}; Estates of the Percy family, 89–96</ref> Courtenay had before warned the populace that Bonville was approaching with a 'great multitude' to sack the city. On 3 November 1455 Bonville's men setting out from his seat at [[Old Shute House|Shute]] had looted the Earl's nearby house at [[Colcombe Castle]], [[Colyton, Devon|Colyton]], and Bonville promised his support to the Earl's distant cousin, Sir Philip Courtenay of [[Powderham]]. Dozens of men violated consecrated ground and Radford's valuables were extracted from the cathedral and his house in Exeter was also robbed. Village-dwellers with Bonville connections were assaulted by Devon's men. [[Powderham Castle]], home to the earl's estranged cousin, Sir Philip Courtenay (d. 1463), an ally of Bonville, was besieged on 15 November 1455, the earl's weaponry now including a [[Cannon|serpentine]] cannon. Bonville attempted to relieve the castle but was repulsed as the Earl threatened to batter down its walls.{{sfn|Cherry|1981|p=311}} Finally battle was joined directly between Bonville and Courtenay at the [[Clyst Heath#Battle of Clyst Heath (1455)|Battle of Clyst Heath]], at Clyst Bridge, just south east of Exeter on 15 December 1455. While it seems that Bonville was put to flight, the number of dead or wounded is entirely unknown. Two days later Thomas Carrew with 500 of Courtenay's retainers pillaged Shute, seizing a bounty of looted goods. Courtenay and his men left Exeter on 21 December 1455 and shortly afterwards submitted to York at [[Shaftesbury]] in Dorset. Early in December 1455 the King had dismissed Devon from the Commission of Peace, and citizens of Exeter had been instructed not to help his army of "misrule" in any way.{{sfn|Storey|1999|p=173}}

== Aftermath of Clyst Heath ==
Devon was [[incarcerate]]d in the Tower. Originally, the government planned to bring him to trial for treason but this was abandoned once the King Henry VI returned to sanity in February 1456, and York was removed as Protector. Courtenay was also returned to the commission of the peace for Devonshire, seemingly the work of [[Margaret of Anjou|Queen Margaret of Anjou]] who had taken personal control of the court. Courtenay had cultivated links with Queen Margaret, and an alliance was sealed by the marriage of his son and heir, [[Thomas Courtenay, 6th Earl of Devon|Sir Thomas Courtenay]], to the Queen's kinswoman, Marie, the daughter of [[Charles, Count of Maine]]. Despite having been banned from entering and leading armed men into Exeter and holding assemblies, 500 men under John Courtenay entered the [[High Street]] on 8 April 1456. His rivals, Philip Courtenay and Lord Fitzwarin, were prevented from exercising commissions as [[Justice of the peace|Justices of the Peace]], and were forced to leave the city. Butler, Bonville's patron, and Sir [[John Fortescue (judge)|John Fortescue]], [[Chief Justice]], arrived with a large entourage to investigate under a commission of [[oyer et terminer]]. They rejected Courtenay's petition to have Bonville's [[sheriff|sheriffdom of Devon]] removed.<ref>Rotuli, op cit., 332</ref> Two years later his sons, Thomas and Henry Courtenay, were absolved of the murder of Nicholas Radford.{{sfn|PRO|1910|pp=308, 393, 398}}

Courtenay was restored to the bench of JPs and was made Keeper of the Park of Clarendon in February 1457,<ref>History of Commons, 1422–1508, vol. II</ref> and Keeper of Clarendon Forest in [[Wiltshire]] on 17 July 1457.{{sfn|Cokayne|1916|p=326}}

==Marriage and issue==
[[File:Arms of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset.svg|thumb|200px|Arms of Beaufort family, Earls and Dukes of Somerset: ''The [[Royal Arms of England]] (Quarterly, 1st & 4th: Azure, three fleurs de lis or ([[Royal Arms of France|France]]); 2nd & 3rd: Gules, three [[Lions in heraldry|lions passant guardant]] in pale or ([[Royal arms of England|England]])) all within a bordure compony argent and azure{{sfn|Debrett|1968|p=125}} for [[Difference (heraldry)|difference]]'']]

At some time after 1421, Thomas de Courtenay married [[Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Devon|Lady Margaret Beaufort]], daughter of [[John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset]] (the first of the four illegitimate children of [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster|John of Gaunt]] (son of King [[Edward III of England]]) by his mistress, [[Katherine Swynford]], later his wife) by his wife, [[Margaret Holland|Lady Margaret Holland]]. Margaret was thus sister of [[Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset]], of [[John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset]], of [[Thomas Beaufort, Count of Perche]], of [[Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland]], and of [[Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset]]. Thomas and Margaret had three sons and six daughters:{{sfn|Richardson IV|2011|pp=38–43}}

*[[Thomas Courtenay, 6th Earl of Devon|Thomas Courtenay, 6th/14th Earl of Devon]] (1432 – 3 April 1461), was taken prisoner at the [[Battle of Towton]], and beheaded at [[York]] on 3 April 1461, when the earldom was forfeited.{{sfn|Vivian|1895|p=245}}
*Sir Henry Courtenay (d. 1467/9{{sfn|Weir|1999|p=106}}), Esquire, of [[West Coker]], [[Somerset]], beheaded for treason in the market place at [[Salisbury]], [[Wiltshire]] on 17 January 1469 (or 4 March 1467{{sfn|Vivian|1895|p=245}}). As the earldom had been forfeited following the execution of his elder brother in 1461, he is not generally considered to have inherited from him the title "Earl of Devon", although for example [[Debrett's Peerage]], 1968, gives him as the 7th Earl and successor to his brother.<ref>{{harvnb|Debrett|1968|p=353}}, incorrectly named as "Hugh, attainted and beheaded 1466"</ref>
*[[John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon|John Courtenay, 7th/15th Earl of Devon]] (1435 – 3 May 1471), was restored to the earldom in 1470 by the [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrians]] in exile, and later slain at the [[Battle of Tewkesbury]] on 4 May 1471.{{sfn|Cokayne|1916|p=327}}
*Joan Courtenay (born c. 1441), who married firstly, Sir Roger Clifford, second son of [[Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford]], who was beheaded after the [[Battle of Bosworth Field|Battle of Bosworth]] in 1485. She married secondly, Sir William Knyvet of [[Buckenham]], [[Norfolk]].{{sfn|Cokayne|1916|p=327}}
*Elizabeth Courtenay (born c. 1449), who married, before March 1490, [[Sir Hugh Conway]].{{sfn|Cokayne|1916|p=327}}
*Anne Courtenay.
*Eleanor Courtenay.
*Maud Courtenay.
*Agnes Courtenay (1452 – 7 January 1485), who married Richard Saunders (1452-1480) of [[Charlwood]], Surrey.{{sfn|Weir|1999|p=106}}

===Monument to Margaret Beaufort===
[[File:MargaretCourtenay ColytonChurch Devon.JPG|thumb|200px|Effigy of an unknown female, possibly Margaret Beaufort, Church of St Andrew, [[Colyton, Devon|Colyton]], Devon]]
An effigy identified by tradition as "little choke-a-bone", Margaret Courtenay (d. 1512), an infant daughter of [[William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon]] (1475–1511) by his wife Princess Catherine of York (d. 1527), the sixth daughter of King [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]] (1461–1483){{sfn|Vivian|1895|p=245}} exists in [[Colyton, Devon|Colyton]] Church in Devon. The Courtenay residence of [[Colcombe Castle]] was in the parish of Colyton. However, modern authorities{{sfnm|1a1=Barron|1y=1911|1p=325|2a1=Pevsner|2a2=Cherry|2y=2004|2p=280|3a1=Hoskins|3y=1959|3p=373}} have suggested, on the basis of the monument's heraldry, the effigy to be Margaret Beaufort (c. 1409–1449), the wife of Thomas de Courtenay, 5th Earl of Devon (1414–1458).

The effigy is only about 3&nbsp;ft in length, much smaller than usual for an adult. The face and head was renewed in 1907,{{sfn|Barron|1911|p=325}} and is said to have been based on the sculptor's own infant daughter. A 19th century brass tablet above is inscribed: ''"Margaret, daughter of William Courtenay Earl of Devon and the Princess Katharine youngest daughter of Edward IVth King of England, died at Colcombe choked by a fish-bone AD MDXII and was buried under the window in the north transept of this church"''.

====Heraldry====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = CourtenayArms -ColytonChurch -Devon.JPG
| width1 = 130
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = CourtenayImpaling RoyalArms ColytonDevon.JPG
| width2 = 130
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 = RoyalArms CourtenayMonument ColytonDevon.JPG
| width3 = 130
| alt3 =
| caption3 =
| footer = Arrangement of heraldic escutcheons above female effigy in Colyton Church. '''left''' arms of Courtenay (without border<ref>Raised horizontal line on top of shield is part of the label, a differencing charge shown in the Courtenay arms.</ref>); '''centre''': arms of Courtenay (without border) [[Impalement (heraldry)|impaling]] royal arms of England (with border); '''right''': royal arms of England (with border). The interpretation of the existence or otherwise of a heraldic [[bordure]] is significant to the correct identification of the effigy{{sfn|Barron|1911|}}
}}
}}
Three sculpted heraldic shields of arms exist above the effigy, showing the arms of Courtenay, Courtenay [[Impalement (heraldry)|impaling]] the [[royal arms of England]] and the royal arms of England. Later authorities{{sfnm|1a1=Barron|1y=1911|1p=325|2a1=Pevsner|2a2=Cherry|2y=2004|2p=280|3a1=Hoskins|3y=1959|3p=373}} have suggested, on the basis of the monument's heraldry, the effigy to be the wife of Thomas de Courtenay, 5th Earl of Devon (1414–1458), namely Lady Margaret Beaufort (c. 1409–1449), daughter of [[John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset|John Beaufort, 1st Marquess of Somerset, 1st Marquess of Dorset]] (1373–1410), [[Order of the Garter|KG]], (later only 1st Earl of Somerset), (the first of the four [[illegitimate child]]ren of [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster]] (4th son of King Edward III), and his mistress [[Katherine Swynford]], later his wife) by his wife [[Margaret Holland]]. The basis of this re-attribution is the supposed fact that the "royal arms" shown are not the arms of King Edward IV, but rather the arms of Beaufort. The arms of Beaufort are the royal arms of England [[Difference (heraldry)|differenced]] ''within a [[bordure]] compony argent and azure''.<ref>{{harvnb|Barron|1911|p=325}}: "The effigy of this grandaughter of John of Gaunt, with the shields of Courtenay and Beaufort" (...).</ref> The relief sculpture does indeed show a border, albeit a thin one and not compony, around the royal arms, with such border omitted from the Courtenay arms.

==Death==
Courtenay received a summons to appear with [[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York|York]] before the King in London at the [[Loveday Award]]. He broke his journey at [[Abingdon Abbey]], and died there on 3 February 1458.{{sfnm|1a1=Cokayne|1y=1916|1p=327|2a1=Richardson IV|2y=2011|2p=40}} A contemporary [[chronicle]]r asserted that he had been poisoned by the [[Prior]] on the Queen's orders, which is perhaps unlikely considering the Earl's alliance with the Queen. In his will the Earl requested burial in the Courtenay [[Chantry|Chantry Chapel]] of [[Exeter Cathedral]]. The will was proved at [[Lambeth Palace|Lambeth]] on 21 February 1458, and an [[inquisition post mortem]] was taken in 1467.{{sfn|Cokayne|1916|p=327}}

The Earl was succeeded by his eldest son, [[Thomas Courtenay, 6th Earl of Devon|Thomas Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon]],{{sfn|Richardson I|2011|p=547}} who was beheaded at [[York]] on 3 April 1461 after the [[Battle of Towton]], and attainted by Parliament in November 1461, whereby the earldom was forfeited.{{sfnm|1a1=Cokayne|1y=1916|1p=327|2a1=Richardson IV|2y=2011|2p=40}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{resize|108%|{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{ws|{{cite |last=Barron |date=1911 |first=O. |title=Courtenay |editor=H. Chisholm |encyclopedia=''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 11th ed.]] |volume=''7 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |authorlink=Oswald Barron |titlelink=s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Courtenay |editorlink=Hugh Chisholm |mode=cs1 |ref=harv }}|ps=no}}
* {{cite book | last=Burke |date=1884 |first=B. |title=The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales |publisher=[[Harrison and Sons]] |place=London |authorlink=Bernard Burke |url={{google books|WmpmAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |oclc=535476828 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite thesis | last=Cherry |date=1981 |first=M. |title=The Crown and the Political Community in Devonshire, 1377–1461 |type=unpublished PhD, [[University College of Swansea]] |oclc=556420956 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web | last=Cherry |date=2016-05-26 |first=M. |title=Courtenay, Thomas, thirteenth earl of Devon (1414–1458) |url=https://archive.is/xs21u |work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |type=online |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/50218 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Cokayne |date=1916 |first=G. |title=[[The Complete Peerage]] |volume=[https://archive.org/stream/completepeerageo04coka#page/326/mode/2up 4] |edition=2nd |editor=Vicary Gibbs |publisher=St. Catherine Press |place=London |authorlink=George Edward Cokayne |editorlink=Vicary Gibbs (St Albans MP) |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Debrett |date=1968 |first=J. |editor=P.W. Montague-Smith |title=Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage |publisher=Kelly's Directory |place=[[Kingston-upon-Thames]] |authorlink=John Debrett |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Gairdner |date=1897 |editor-first=J.D. |title=The Paston Letters |volume=1 |authorlink=James Gairdner |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Griffiths |date=1981 |first=R.A. |title=The Reign of Henry VI |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04372-5 |authorlink=Ralph A. Griffiths |url={{google books|frWDmbf_mXEC|plainurl=yes}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal| last=Harriss |date=1965 |first=G.L |title=A Fifteenth-Century Chronicle at Trinity College, Dublin |journal=[[Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research]] |volume=38 |issue=98 |pages=212–18 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2281.1965.tb02210.x |authorlink=G. L. Harriss |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Hoskins |date=1959 |first=W. |title=A New Survey of England: Devon |origyear=1954 |place=London |authorlink=William George Hoskins |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Nathan |date=1957 |first=M. |title=The Annals of West Coker |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-05792-9 |authorlink=Matthew Nathan |url={{google books|vno-vmV2F5sC|plainurl=yes}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Nicolas |date=1835 |editor-first=H. |title=Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, volume 5: 1436 to 1443 |editorlink=Nicholas Harris Nicolas |url={{google books|1Pw9AAAAcAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Nicolas |date=1837 |editor-first=H. |title=Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, volume 6: 1443 to 1461 |url={{google books|9vw9AAAAcAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Pevsner |date=2004 |first=Nikolaus |last2=Cherry |first2=Bridget |title=The Buildings of England: Devon |place=London |authorlink=Nikolaus Pevsner |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | author=PRO |date=1907 |editor=A. Hughes |editor2=A.E. Bland |editor3=R.F. Isaacson |title=Calendar of the Patent Rolls 1436–1441 |series=CPR Henry VI |volume=3 |publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information|H.M. Stationery Office]] |place=London |oclc=11138484 |authorlink=Public Record Office |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31158013013296 |postscript=. [https://archive.org/details/calendarpatentr15offigoog Archived]. |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | author=PRO |date=1908 |editor=A.E. Bland |editor2=R.F. Isaacson |title=Calendar of the Patent Rolls 1441–1446 |series=CPR Henry VI |volume=4 | publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |place=London |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.l0054908983 |postscript=. [https://archive.org/details/calendarpatentr00blacgoog Archived]. |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | author=PRO |date=1909 |editor=A.E. Bland |editor2=R.F. Isaacson |title=Calendar of the Patent Rolls 1446–1452 |series=CPR Henry VI |volume=5 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |place=London |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31158009711549 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | author=PRO |date=1910 |editor=A.E. Bland |editor2=R.F. Isaacson |title=Calendar of the Patent Rolls 1452–1461 |series=CPR Henry VI |volume=6 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |place=London |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31158013042337 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | author=PRO |date=1937 |editor=A.E. Stamp |title=Calendar of the Close Rolls 1435–1441 |series=CCR Henry VI |volume=3 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |place=London |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005383255 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | author=PRO |date=1941 |editor=C.T. Flower |title=Calendar of the Close Rolls 1447–1454 |series=CCR Henry VI |volume=5 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |publicationdate=1947 |place=London |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924111042143 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Richardson |date=2011 |first=D. |title=Magna Carta Ancestry |edition=2nd |volume=1 |editor=Kimball G. Everingham |place=[[Salt Lake City]] |isbn=978-1-4499-6637-9 |authorlink=Douglas Richardson |url={{google books|8JcbV309c5UC|pg=PR3|plainurl=yes}} |ref={{sfnref|Richardson I|2011}} }}
* {{cite book | last=Richardson |date=2011 |first=D. |title=Magna Carta Ancestry |edition=2nd |volume=4 |editor=Kimball G. Everingham |place=Salt Lake City |isbn=978-1-4609-9270-8 |url={{google books|8JcbV309c5UC|pg=RA3|plainurl=yes}} |ref={{sfnref|Richardson IV|2011}} }}
* {{cite book | last=Storey |date=1999 |first=R.L. |title=The End of the House of Lancaster |edition=2nd, revised |publisher=Sutton |isbn=978-0-7509-2007-0 |authorlink=R. L. Storey |url={{google books|BtY8PgAACAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Vivian |date=1895 |editor-first=J.L. |title=The Visitations of the County of Devon, comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564, & 1620 |place=Exeter |editorlink=John Lambrick Vivian |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Watts |date=1996 |first=J.L. |title=Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-42039-6 |authorlink=John Watts (historian) |url={{google books|qTP4CF_boeoC|plainurl=yes}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Weir |date=1999 |first=A. |title=Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy |publisher=The Bodley Head |place=London |authorlink=Alison Weir |ref=harv }}
{{refend}}}}

== Selected reading ==
* {{cite book | last=Bellamy |date=1970 |first=J.G. |title=The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-07830-6 |url=https://zodml.org/sites/default/files/The_Law_of_Treason_in_England_in_the_Later_Middle_Ages_%28Cambridge_Studies_in_English_Legal_History%29.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621171038/https://zodml.org/sites/default/files/The_Law_of_Treason_in_England_in_the_Later_Middle_Ages_(Cambridge_Studies_in_English_Legal_History).pdf |archivedate=21 June 2018 |deadurl=no |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Bellamy |date=1973 |first=J.G. |title=Crime and Public Order in England in the Later Middle Ages |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=978-0-7100-7421-8 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Carpenter |date=1997 |first=C. |title= The Wars of the Roses: Politics and constitution in England, 1437–1509 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-31874-7 |authorlink=Christine Carpenter (historian) |url={{google books|z0A9frbkU0MC|plainurl=yes}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal| last=Cherry |date=1979 |first=M. |title=The Courtenay Earls of Devon: The Formation and Disintegration of a Late Medieval Aristocratic Affinity |journal=Southern History |volume=1 |pages=71–97 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Cherry |date=1981a |first=M. |section=The struggle for power in mid-fifteenth century Devonshire |editor=R.A. Griffiths |title=Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England |publisher=Sutton |pp=123–44 |isbn=978-0-904387-45-2 |editorlink=Ralph A. Griffiths |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal| last=Griffiths |date=1975 |first=R.A. |title=Duke Richard of York's intentions in 1450 and the origins of the Wars of the Roses |journal=[[Journal of Medieval History]] |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=187–209 |doi=10.1016/0304-4181(75)90023-8 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Griffiths |date=1981 |editor-first=R.A. |title=Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England |publisher=Alan Sutton |place=Gloucester |isbn=978-0-904387-45-2 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal| last=Griffiths |date=1984-01-01 |first=R.A. |title=The King's Council and the first Protectorate of the Duke of York, 1453–1454 |journal=[[The English Historical Review]] |volume=99 |issue=390 |pages=67–82 |doi=10.1093/ehr/XCIX.CCCXC.67 |jstor=567910 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web | last=Griffiths |date=2015-05-28 |first=R.A. |title=Henry VI (1421–1471) |work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |type=online |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/12953 |url=https://archive.is/L4jbc |ref=harv }}<!--| accessdate=26 October 2012-->
* {{cite book | last=Jacob |date=1988 |first=E.F. |title=The Fifteenth Century, 1399–1485 |edition=reprint |series=[[Oxford History of England]] |volume=6 |publisher=Clarendon Press |place=Oxford |origyear=1961-12-31 |authorlink=E. F. Jacob |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Kleineke |date=2007 |first=Hannes |section='The Kynges Cite': Exeter in the Wars of the Roses |editor=Linda Clark |title=The Fifteenth Century 7: Conflicts, Consequences and the Crown in the Late Middle Ages |publisher=Boydell Press |place=[[Woodbridge, Suffolk|Woodbridge]] |pp=137–156 |isbn=978-1-84383-333-8 |url={{google books|boleF8aUlCkC|plainurl=yes}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=McFarlane |date=1973 |first=K.B. |title=The Nobility of Later Medieval England |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-822362-7 |authorlink=K. B. McFarlane |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Myers |date=1969 |editor-first=A.E. |title=English Historical Documents 1327–1485 |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |isbn=978-0-413-23310-3 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Ross |date=1986 |first=C.D. |title=The Wars of the Roses |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-27407-1 |authorlink=Charles Ross (historian) |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Seward |date=1995 |first=D. |title=The Wars of the Roses; and the lives of five men and women in the fifteenth century |publisher=Constable |place=London |isbn= |authorlink=Desmond Seward |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Sumption |date=1999-08-23 |first=J. |title=Trial by Battle: The Hundred Years War 1 |publisher=Faber |isbn=978-0-571-20095-5 |authorlink=Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Sumption |date=2001-10-22 |first=J. |title=Trial by Fire: The Hundred Years War 2 |publisher=Faber |isbn=978-0-571-20737-4 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Tuck |date=1999-12-16 |first=A. |title=Crown and Nobility: England 1272–1461 |edition=2nd |series=Blackwell Classic Histories of England |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-21466-3 |authorlink=Anthony Tuck |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal| last=Virgoe |date=1970 |first=R. |title=The Composition of the King's Council, 1437–61 |journal=[[Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research]] |volume=43 |issue=108 |pages=134–60 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2281.1970.tb01659.x |ref=harv }}

==External links==
* {{cite web |editor-last=Lundy |editor-first=Darryl |title=Thomas Courtenay, 5th Earl of Devon |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10739.htm#i107390 |website=The Peerage }}
* [http://thekinofrockandroll.com/photos/genealogy/THE%20EARL%20OF%20DEVON.pdf The Earls of Devon]
* [http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/tcourtenay_5eofd.html Biography]
* [http://www.thehistorydatabase.com/PEOPLE/NORMANDY/COURTENAY/Thomas%2013th%20Earl%20Devon%201414-1458.HTML Biography]
* [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/113266268/thomas-de-courtenay Find a Grave]

{{S-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Hugh de Courtenay, 12th Earl of Devon|Hugh de Courtenay]]
| title = [[Earl of Devon]]
| years = 1422–1458
| after = [[Thomas Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon|Thomas Courtenay]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devon, Thomas de Courtenay, 13th Earl of}}
[[Category:Earls of Devon]]
[[Category:People of the Wars of the Roses]]
[[Category:1414 births]]
[[Category:1458 deaths]]
[[Category:1st house of Courtenay|Thomas de Courtenay, 13th Earl of Devon]]

Aktuelle Version vom 16. Februar 2021, 15:54 Uhr

Familienwappen der Courtenays of Devon

Thomas de Courtenay, 5. Earl of Devon (* 1414; † 3. Februar 1458 in Abingdon Abbey) war ein englischer Adliger und Magnat.

Leben

Er gehörte der Familie Courtenay an und war der einzige überlebende Sohn des Hugh de Courtenay, 4. Earl of Devon (1389–1422) und Anne Talbot (um 1393–1441). Seine Mutter war eine Tochter des Richard Talbot, 4. Baron Talbot und Schwester des John Talbot, 1. Earl of Shrewsbury.

Um 1421 wurde er mit Lady Margaret Beaufort, Tochter des John Beaufort, 1. Earl of Somerset verheiratet. Dadurch wurde eine Verbindung mit der Familie Beaufort geknüpft, die wiederum mit dem englischen Königshaus verwandt war. Er war acht Jahre alt, als am 16. Juni 1422 sein Vater starb und er dessen Adelstitel als 5. Earl of Devon[1] erbte. In der Folgezeit stand er unter der Vormundschaft seines Schwagers Thomas Beaufort, 1. Duke of Exeter († 1426). Am 19. Mai 1426 schlug ihn König Heinrich VI. von England zum Ritter.[2] Am 16. Dezember 1431 gehörte er zu den 300 englischen Adligen, die der Krönung König Heinrichs VI. in der Kathedrale Notre Dame in Paris zum König von Frankreich beiwohnten.

Da der Stammsitz seiner Familie, Tiverton Castle, einschließlich eines erheblichen Teils der dazugehörigen Ländereien, war im Besitz seiner verwitweten Mutter geblieben. Courtenay residierte daher bis zum Tod seiner Mutter 1441 zunächst auf Colcombe Castle und verfügte bis dahin nur über relativ geringe Einkünfte. Die dominierende Stellung des Earls von Devon in Devonshire wurde ihm ab den 1430er Jahren von einigen Familien der dortigen Gentry streitig gemacht. So geriet er mit seinem Cousin Sir Philip Courtenay of Powderham und sodann insbesondere mit dem Gatten seiner Tante Sir William Bonville of Shute in Rivalität. Der Konflikt mit Bonville eskalierte im Sommer 1439 in Gewalt, als Courtenay dessen Anwesen, Shute House, angriff. König Heinrich rief Courtenay daraufhin zur Ordnung und zitierte ihn an seinen Hof nach London. Der König ernannte Courtenay 1441 zum Steward des Herzogtums Cornwall ernannt, ein nahezu identisches Amt wie das des Royal Steward for Cornwall, das 1437 Sir William Bonville auf Lebenszeit gewährt worden war. Eine Woche später, im Mai 1441, durfte Courtenay nach Devon zurückkehren, wo die Fehde zwischen Courtenay und Bonville sogleich wieder aufflammte. Im Dezember 1441 wurden beide erneut vor den König geladen und öffentlich versöhnt. Es blieben jedoch Spannungen bestehen. Schließlich entschied der König, die Situation in Devonshire dadurch zu befrieden, dass er beide Rivalen zum Dienst im Hundertjährigen Krieg in Frankreich beorderte, Bonville von 1442 bis 1446 als Seneschall der Gascogne und Courtenay 1446 als Gouverneur von Pont-l’Évêque in der Normandie. Vermutlich dank der Fürsprache seines Schwagers John Beaufort, 1. Duke of Somerset, erließ der König Courtenay um 1444 seine Schulden und sprach ihm Anerkennung für gutes Benehmen aus.

Aufgrund seiner Ehe stand Courtenay am Königshof zunächst der Beaufort-Hofpartei nahe. Mit dem Niedergang der Macht de Beauforts näherte sich Courtenay zunehmend der Partei des Richard Plantagenet, 3. Duke of York, an. Als der Duke of York die Unterstützung von Courtenays Erzfeinden der Familie Bonville suchte, fiel Courtenay bei ihm in Ungnade. Als die Rosenkriege ausbrachen, stand er auf Seiten der Partei der Königin, Margarete von Anjou. Er kämpfte auf Seiten der Lancastrians und wurde 1455 in der Ersten Schlacht von St Albans verwundet. Courtenay soll eine Versöhnung zwischen der Lancastrianischen und der Yorkistischen Partei gefördert haben, aber er starb 1458 plötzlich.

Nachkommen

Aus seiner Ehe mit Lady Margaret Beaufort hatte er mindestens fünf Kinder:[3]

Literatur

Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen

  1. ↑ Nach alternativer Deutung wird er auch als 13. Earl of Devon gezählt → siehe Hauptartikel Earl of Devon.
  2. ↑ George Edward Cokayne, Vicary Gibbs (Hrsg.): The Complete Peerage. Band 4, St. Catherine Press, London 1916, S. 326.
  3. ↑ Alison Weir: Britain’s Royal Families. The Complete Genealogy. The Bodley Head, London 1999, S. 106 f.
VorgängerAmtNachfolger
Hugh de CourtenayEarl of Devon
1422–1458		Thomas Courtenay
Personendaten
NAME de Courtenay, Thomas, 5. Earl of Devon
KURZBESCHREIBUNG englischer Adliger und Magnat
GEBURTSDATUM 1414
STERBEDATUM 3. Februar 1458
STERBEORT Abingdon Abbey
Quelle: https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Courtenay,_5._Earl_of_Devon&diff=208879877&oldid=196971229