1776 – Rebellion und Liebe

Film
Titel1776 – Rebellion und Liebe
Originaltitel1776
ProduktionslandVereinigte Staaten
OriginalspracheEnglisch
Erscheinungsjahr1972
Länge142 Minuten
Stab
RegiePeter H. Hunt
DrehbuchPeter Stone
ProduktionJack L. Warner
MusikSherman Edwards
KameraHarry Stradling junior
Besetzung

1776 – Rebellion und Liebe ist ein US-amerikanisches Musikdrama von Peter H. Hunt. Das Drehbuch von Peter Stone basierte auf einem gleichnamigen Brodwaymusical von 1969.[1] Die Filmsongs wurden von Sherman Edwards komponiert. Die Hauptrollen spielten von William Daniels, Howard Da Silva, Donald Madden, John Cullum, Ken Howard und Blythe Danner.

Teile der Dialoge und einige Liedertexte wurden aus den Briefen und Erinnerungen des Second Continental Congress entnommen.

Handlung

Während General George Washington den Kampf gegen das britische Empire auf dem Schlachtfeld führt, verbringt der Kontinentalkongress in Philadelphia seine Zeit mit Kleinigkeiten und weigert sich immer wieder, über die Frage der amerikanischen Unabhängigkeit zu debattieren. Anführer der Unabhängigkeitsfraktion ist der aggressive John Adams aus Massachusetts, dessen fortwährende Auseinandersetzung ihre Sache zum Erliegen gebracht hat. John Dickinson aus Pennsylvania führt die Opposition an, die auf eine Aussöhnung mit England hofft. In seinen ruhigeren Momenten ruft Adams das Bild seiner Frau Abigail Adams auf , die in Massachusetts lebt und ihm Einblick und Ermutigung gibt (diese Gespräche basieren auf Briefen zwischen dem Paar). Dr. Benjamin Franklin aus Pennsylvania schlägt vor, dass eine andere Kolonie, die die Unabhängigkeit unterstützt, einen Vorschlag unterbreiten sollte.

Richard Henry Lee aus Virginia reitet freiwillig nach Williamsburg, Virginia , um von der Virginia Colony die Genehmigung zu erhalten, die Unabhängigkeit vorzuschlagen. Dr. Lyman Hall kommt, um Georgia zu vertreten, und wird sofort von seinen Kollegen zu seinen Ansichten zur Unabhängigkeit befragt (wobei Dickinson dies als "Verrat" bezeichnet). Wochen später kehrt Lee mit der Resolution zurück und die Debatte über die Frage beginnt. In der Debatte gerät Caesar Rodney jedoch wegen seines Krebses ins Wanken und wird von seinem Kollegen Thomas McKean nach Delaware zurückgebracht. George Read verlässt die Anti-Unabhängigkeit, um Delaware zu vertreten.

Nach hitzigen Diskussionen wird die Frage ohne die Mehrheit der anwesenden positiven Stimmen gestellt. Die Delegation aus New Jersey, angeführt von Reverend John Witherspoon , trifft gerade noch rechtzeitig ein, um eine Abstimmung zur Unterstützung der Unabhängigkeit abzuhalten. Um die Resolution zu besiegen, ruft Dickinson zu einer Abstimmung auf, die Einstimmigkeit für die Verabschiedung erfordert. Die Abstimmung endet in einem Unentschieden zwischen den Kolonien, wobei sich New York wie bei jeder Abstimmung der Stimme enthält. Es wird letztendlich von John Hancock , dem Präsidenten des Kontinentalkongresses , für die Einstimmigkeit entschieden, der argumentiert, dass jede ablehnende Kolonie für England gegen die Unabhängigkeit kämpfen würde. Adams und Franklin setzen sich dafür ein, die Resolution zu unterstützen, und fordern erneut eine Verschiebung. Sie begründen ihre Forderung mit der Notwendigkeit einer Erklärung, in der ihre Beschwerden beschrieben werden. Wieder einmal unentschieden und letztendlich von Hancock entschieden, wird die Abstimmung erfolgreich verschoben, bis ein solches Dokument verfasst werden kann.

Hancock ernennt ein Komitee, dem Adams, Franklin, Roger Sherman aus Connecticut, Robert Livingston aus New York und Thomas Jefferson angehören (nachdem Lee aufgrund einer Ernennung zum Gouverneur von Virginia abgelehnt hat). Jefferson widersetzt sich, weil er nach Virginia zurückkehren möchte, um seine Frau Martha zu sehen, aber die anderen geben zwingendere Gründe an, um der Verantwortung zu entgehen. Sie sind der Meinung, dass Jeffersons diplomatischer Charakter und seine überlegenen Schreibfähigkeiten für die Abfassung der Erklärung erforderlich sind. Jefferson entwickelt eine Schreibblockade, weil er seine Frau vermisst, und Adams schickt sie nach Martha: "Mir ist einfach eingefallen, je früher sein Problem gelöst wurde, desto eher würde unser Problem gelöst werden." Als Adams und Franklin sie treffen, sind sie von Martha ziemlich angetan. Während Adams, Franklin und Samuel Chase von Maryland sich bemühen, die erforderliche Einstimmigkeit für die Abstimmung über die Unabhängigkeit zu erzielen, besuchen sie die Kolonialarmee in New Brunswick, New Jersey , um auf Ersuchen von General Washington dazu beizutragen, Maryland zu überzeugen.

Wenn sie nach Philadelphia zurückkehren, wird die Erklärung gelesen und anschließend diskutiert und geändert. Jefferson stimmt den meisten Änderungen des Dokuments zu, sehr zu Adams wachsender Bestürzung. Die Debatte erreicht einen Höhepunkt, als die südlichen Delegierten, angeführt von Edward Rutledge aus South Carolina, den Kongress verlassen, wenn eine Klausel gegen die Sklaverei nicht aufgehoben wird. Adams bleibt unbeirrt, dass die Klausel bestehen bleibt, aber Franklin appelliert an ihn, die Streichung der Passage zuzulassen, damit sie zuerst über die Unabhängigkeit und die Bildung einer Nation abstimmen und den Kampf gegen die Sklaverei auf eine spätere Zeit verschieben können. Adams überlässt die endgültige Entscheidung Jefferson, der widerstrebend einräumt. Nach Aufhebung dieser Klausel sind nun 11 von 13 Kolonien dafür. New York enthält sich erneut der Stimme (da seine Delegierten von der unorganisierten New Yorker Legislative noch nie konkrete Anweisungen erhalten haben).

Die Frage ist daher an die Colony of Pennsylvania gerichtet, deren Delegation auf Franklins Ersuchen hin abgefragt wird. Franklin stimmt für die Erklärung, Dickinson dagegen. Das Ergebnis liegt nun in den Händen ihres Kollegen James Wilson aus Pennsylvania. Wilson war Dickinson immer gefolgt, aber in diesem Fall stimmte Wilson für die Erklärung und sicherte ihre Verabschiedung, damit er in der Geschichte nicht als der Mann in Erinnerung bleibt, der dafür gestimmt hat, die amerikanische Unabhängigkeit zu verhindern. Nachdem Lewis Morris von General Washington die Nachricht über die Zerstörung seines Eigentums erhalten hatte, zog er New Yorks Enthaltung endgültig zurück und erklärte sich bereit, das Dokument zu unterzeichnen. Schließlich, mit der Unabhängigkeitserklärung , die zur Unterzeichnung bereitsteht, setzt Hancock seine Unterschrift zuerst auf, woraufhin die anderen (einschließlich New York) ihre an der Erklärung anbringen und die Vereinigten Staaten am 4. Juli 1776 gründen.Vorlage:Div col

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  1. Overture
  2. "Sit Down, John" – Adams, Congress
  3. "Piddle, Twiddle and Resolve" – Adams
  4. "Till Then" – Adams, Abigail
  5. "The Lees of Old Virginia" – Lee, Franklin, Adams
  6. "But, Mr. Adams" – Adams, Franklin, Jefferson, Sherman, Livingston
  7. "Yours, Yours, Yours" – John, Abigail
  8. "He Plays the Violin" – Martha Jefferson, Franklin, Adams
  9. "Cool, Cool, Considerate Men" – Dickinson, The Conservatives
  10. "Momma Look Sharp" – Courier, McNair, Leather Apron
  11. "The Egg" – Franklin, Adams, Jefferson
  12. "Molasses to Rum" – Rutledge
  13. "Compliments" – Adams, Abigail
  14. "Is Anybody There?" – Adams
  15. Finale

An original motion picture soundtrack album was released in 1972 by Columbia Records on the vinyl LP format. It contains all the musical numbers, with the exception of "Cool, Cool Considerate Men" and "Compliments". The soundtrack also contains the edited versions of some of the musical numbers which were presented in full on the laserdisc and DVD releases. Although the Original Broadway Cast recording was released on CD in 1992, the film soundtrack was not. [citation needed]

Production

Jack L. Warner bought the film rights to the musical for $1.25 million.

Many members of the original Broadway cast, including William Daniels, Ken Howard, John Cullum, and Howard Da Silva, reprised their roles for the film. Ralston Hill, Ron Holgate, David Ford, Charles Rule and others repeated their roles from the Broadway production, marking their only appearances in feature film. This was a decision Warner made himself after feeling he made a mistake by turning down Julie Andrews for the 1964 film adaptation of My Fair Lady in favor of Audrey Hepburn.

1776 was also the only film of Donald Madden, who was not in the original Broadway cast.

Exteriors were filmed at the Warner Ranch in Burbank, California, the former Columbia Pictures backlot, where they built an entire street of colonial Philadelphia. Most of the colonial sets were destroyed by a fire in the mid-1970s. [citation needed]

The water fountain seen during the musical number "The Lees of Old Virginia," with Ben Franklin, John Adams, and Richard Henry Lee, became known to television viewers as the fountain seen during the beginning credits of the TV series Friends. This fountain still exists directly across the street from the Bewitched and I Dream of Jeannie houses.

Interiors were shot at the old Columbia studio on Gower Street in Hollywood.[2][3] 1776 was among the final films shot at Gower Studios before the Warner/Columbia merger in 1971.[4]

"Cool, Cool, Considerate Men" was cut from the film prior to its release and not included on the soundtrack recording nor on the first VHS tapes and laserdiscs. The footage, some of physically poor quality, was restored for the DVD and Blu-Ray releases.

Political changes

According to the Los Angeles Times, "The song 'Cool, Cool, Considerate Men' depicts Revolutionary War–era conservatives as power-hungry wheedlers focused on maintaining wealth." According to Jack L. Warner, the film's producer and a friend of U.S. President Richard Nixon, Nixon requested to have the song removed from the film. Nixon apparently saw the song as an insult to the conservatives of his time, as it suggested that the conservatives were the ones who were hindering American Independence as they danced a minuet singing the song that included the stanza,

„

Come ye cool, cool considerate set
We'll dance together to the same minuet
To the right, ever to the right
Never to the left, forever to the right.

“

To further complicate things as mentioned above, the song is anachronistic, because the terms "right" and "left" in politics were not coined until the French Revolution.

Warner's attempt to comply with Nixon's demands had initially been rebuffed by director Hunt during production, only for the song to be removed in post-production while Hunt was on vacation. Warner also wanted the original negative of the song shredded, but the film's editor kept it in storage unaltered. Trailers were already released in theaters with the "Considerate Men" number as its centerpiece; Warner had those trailers pulled and re-edited. Hunt later mentioned in a 2015 interview that Warner, on his deathbed, told a friend that he regretted editing the scene, believing that he had ruined the structure of the film as a result of those edits. It was only decades later that the song was restored to the film.

When the Broadway musical was about to be presented to Nixon at the White House in 1970, before the film was made, his staff pressed the producers to cut the song then; their request was denied.

Historical accuracy

According to The Columbia Companion to American History on Film, historical "[i]naccuracies pervade 1776, though few are very troubling." Because Congress was held in secrecy and there are no contemporary records on the debate over the Declaration of Independence, the authors of the play created the narrative based on later accounts and educated guesses, inventing scenes and dialogue as needed for storytelling purposes. Some of the dialogue was taken from words written, often years or even decades later, by the actual people involved, and rearranged for dramatic effect.

The film particularly distorts and omits the views of the mid-Atlantic Quaker population, represented by Dickinson. Although in the film Dickinson is portrayed as loyalist, and John Adams is seen making the points of objection about the tax abuses of George III of the United Kingdom, including regressive taxes and "taxation without representation", and all to fund wars and the King's lifestyle, not to benefit the people, it was Dickinson's Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania that had originally made these points. A supposed physical fight between Dickinson and Adams is portrayed, in which Dickinson calls Adams a "lawyer" as an epithet, which makes little sense since Dickinson was a lawyer himself.

Also, despite the film's heavy focus on John Adams, John Dickinson, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, only Martha Jefferson and Abigail Adams and their marriages are depicted, despite Dickinson's wife, Mary Norris Dickinson, being the only one of these spouses actually present in Philadelphia during the convention. (Franklin's common law wife, Deborah Read, had died a year or so earlier.) Although the film initially uses actual correspondence between Abigail Adams and John Adams as a basis for dialogue, it romanticizes her views in later scenes. The film also fictionalizes the Martha Jefferson relationship in particular, depicting her as coming to the convention, when she had actually just suffered a miscarriage and was also dealing with complications of gestational diabetes and was an invalid in Virginia. The omission of Mary Norris and Dickinson's marriage to her is also particularly distorting as Quaker marriages such as that of Dickinson and Norris were more egalitarian than those of some of the other founding cultures (including the patriarchal Puritan-style Adams marriage, to which Abigail Adams objects in her letters quoted in the film) and were by definition not bound to gender stereotypes.

Another departure from history is that the separation from Great Britain was accomplished in two steps: the actual vote for independence came on July 2 with the approval of Lee's resolution of independence. The wording of the Declaration of Independence—the statement to the world as to the reasons necessitating the split—was then debated for three days before being approved on July 4. The vote for independence did not hinge on some passages being removed from the Declaration, as implied in the film (and the play), since Congress had already voted in favor of independence before debating the Declaration. For the sake of drama, the play's authors combined the two events. In addition, some historians believe that the Declaration was not signed on July 4, as shown in 1776, but was instead signed on August 2, 1776. Others point out that the final, official copy of the document was signed by the delegates not on a single date, but over several weeks and months, commencing in July but not being completed until as late as September. The authors of 1776 had the delegates sign the Declaration on July 4 for dramatic reasons.

The Liberty Bell in 1776 is shown being rung as the delegates were signing the Declaration on July 4; however, this was also for dramatic effect. Independence Hall's wooden steeple was structurally unstable, and the Liberty Bell was silent, having been lowered into the upper chamber of the brick tower.[5] A smaller bell, used to toll the hours, may have rung on July 8, for the public reading of the Declaration.

Many characters in 1776 differ from their historical counterparts. Central to the drama is the depiction of John Adams as "obnoxious and disliked." According to biographer David McCullough, however, Adams was one of the most respected members of Congress in 1776. Adams's often-quoted description of himself in Congress as "obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular" is from a letter written 46 years later in 1822,[6] after his unpopular presidency had likely colored his view of the past. According to McCullough, no delegate described Adams as obnoxious in 1776. Historian Garry Wills earlier made a similar argument, writing that "historians relay John Adams's memories without sufficient skepticism", and that it was Dickinson, not Adams, who was advocating an unpopular position in 1776.

For practical and dramatic purposes, the work does not depict all of the more than 50 members of Congress who were present at the time. This version of John Adams is, in part, a composite character, combining the real Adams with his cousin Samuel Adams, who was in Congress at the time but is not depicted in the play. Although the play depicts Delaware's Caesar Rodney as an elderly man near death from skin cancer (which would eventually kill him), he was just 47 years old at the time and continued to be very active in the Revolution after signing the Declaration. He was not absent from the voting because of health; however, the play is accurate in having him arrive "in the nick of time," having ridden 80 miles the night before (an event depicted on Delaware's 1999 State Quarter) unaided, instead of with the help of another delegate. Further, Richard Henry Lee announces that he is returning to Virginia to serve as governor. He was never governor; his cousin Henry Lee (who is anachronistically called "General 'Lighthorse' Harry Lee," a rank and nickname earned later) did eventually become governor (and the father of Confederate general Robert E. Lee). John Adams was also depicted as disliking Richard Henry Lee, but according to McCullough, Adams expressed nothing but "respect and admiration for the tall, masterly Virginian." He did dislike Benjamin Franklin, contrary to what was portrayed.

Martha Jefferson never traveled to Philadelphia to be with her husband; she was extremely ill during the summer of 1776, having just endured a miscarriage. The play's authors invented the scene "to show something of the young Jefferson's life without destroying the unity of setting." Martha is also depicted as dancing a galop or polka with Franklin and Adams, dances not introduced until the 1800s.

James Wilson was not the indecisive milquetoast depicted in the play and the film. The real Wilson, who was not yet a judge in 1776, had been cautious about supporting independence at an earlier date, but he supported the resolution of independence when it came up for a vote. Pennsylvania's deciding swing vote was actually cast by John Morton, who is not depicted in the musical.

The quote attributed to Edmund Burke by Dr. Lyman Hall in a key scene with Adams is a paraphrase of a real quote by Burke.

The song "Cool Considerate Men" is anachronistic; the terms "right" and "left" in politics were not in use until the French Revolution of 1789. John Dickinson, who is portrayed as an antagonist here, was motivated mainly by his Quaker roots and his respect for the British Constitution, having lived in England for 3 years in the 1750s. He was no wealthier than some members of the pro-Independence faction, and freed his slaves in 1777. Thomas Jefferson wrote that "his name will be consecrated in history as one of the great worthies of the revolution".[7]

The film also misses the objection some had to the Declaration's stated basis in "rights of Man" based in "natural law" derived from a supernatural being. The Quaker-based population in the mid-Atlantic, represented by Dickinson, objected to this conception. Dickinson's objection to the Declaration had to do with this, as well as the fact he and his base preferred civil disobedience to war as the means, and a view that the colonies were too immature and the egalitarian mid-Atlantic culture would be overruled by the slavery of the South and the patriarchal Puritan attitudes of New England, represented by John Adams, in the foundation of the new country. The film also omits the fact that Dickinson, after refusing to sign the Declaration, set about drafting the Articles of Confederation, which he based on "rights of Person" with no reference to anything but law created by human beings and the only reference to "men" being in the context of mustering armies. This basis was then used when the Articles were converted to the Constitution but by then completely omitting the word "man" and only using the word "Person."

The musical also deviates from history in its portrayal of attitudes about slavery. In 1776, after a dramatic debate over slavery, the southern delegates walk out in protest of the Declaration's denunciation of the slave trade, and only support independence when that language was removed from the Declaration. The walkout is fictional, as the debate over the wording of the declaration took place after the vote for independence on July 2, and apparently most delegates, northern and southern, supported the deletion of the clause.

The musical depicts Edward Rutledge as the leader of the opposition to an anti-slavery clause in Jefferson's original draft of the Declaration. However, while we do know that, according to Jefferson, the clause was opposed by South Carolina and Georgia, plus unspecified "northern brethren", that is all that is known about opposition to the clause. Rutledge was a delegate from South Carolina, but there is no historical evidence that he played any part—much less a leadership role—in the opposition to the clause. The musical does acknowledge the complexity of the colonial attitudes toward slavery in the dramatic song "Molasses to Rum to Slaves", sung by the Rutledge character, which illustrates the hypocrisy in northern condemnations of slavery since northerners profited from the triangle trade.

Thomas Jefferson is depicted in the musical as saying that he has resolved to free his slaves, something he did not do, except for a few slaves freed after his death 50 years later. The musical also depicts Franklin as claiming that he is the founder of the first abolitionist organization in the New World; the real Franklin did not become an abolitionist until after the American Revolution, becoming president of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society in 1785. It was actually Dickinson who freed his slaves in 1776, conditionally at first, and fully by 1787 when the Constitution was ratified.

In both the play and the film, John Adams sarcastically predicts that Benjamin Franklin will receive from posterity too great a share of credit for the Revolution. "Franklin smote the ground and out sprang—George Washington. Fully grown, and on his horse. Franklin then electrified them with his miraculous lightning rod and the three of them—Franklin, Washington, and the horse—conducted the entire Revolution all by themselves." Adams did make a similar comment about Franklin in April 1790, just after Franklin's death, although the mention of the horse was a humorous twist added by the authors of the musical.

James Wilson is portrayed as subordinating himself to Dickinson's opposition to independence, only changing his vote so that he would not be remembered unfavorably. In fact, Wilson was considered one of the leading thinkers behind the American cause, consistently supporting and arguing for independence, although he would not cast his vote until his district had been caucused.

The formula John Adams gives Abigail for making saltpeter — "By treating sodium nitrate with potassium chloride, of course!" — refers to various chemicals by their modern names, instead of the names used in the 1770s. A more historically accurate version might be "treating soda niter with potash." More accurate still would have been a detailed description of the process, involving ingredients such as manure or bat guano, would probably have been too long, and repulsive to audiences.

Reception

Critical reception

Vincent Canby of The New York Times observed, "The music is resolutely unmemorable. The lyrics sound as if they'd been written by someone high on root beer, and the book is familiar history—compressed here, stretched there—that has been gagged up and paced to Broadway's not inspiring standards. Yet Peter H. Hunt's screen version of 1776 ... insists on being so entertaining and, at times, even moving, that you might as well stop resisting it. This reaction, I suspect, represents a clear triumph of emotional associations over material ... [It] is far from being a landmark of musical cinema, but it is the first film in my memory that comes close to treating seriously a magnificent chapter in the American history."[8]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave 1776 two stars and declared, "This is an insult to the real men who were Adams, Jefferson, Franklin and the rest ... The performances trapped inside these roles, as you might expect, are fairly dreadful. There are good actors in the movie (especially William Daniels as Adams and Donald Madden as John Dickinson), but they're forced to strut and posture so much that you wonder if they ever scratched or spit or anything ... I can hardly bear to remember the songs, much less discuss them. Perhaps I shouldn't. It is just too damn bad this movie didn't take advantage of its right to the pursuit of happiness."[9]

Box office

The film was the Christmas attraction at Radio City Music Hall in New York City and performed very well, grossing $1,743,978 in its first 6 weeks. It did not perform as well in its other opening engagements in Philadelphia, Boston and Washington. The film returned to the Music Hall for two weeks starting June 3, 1976 in honor of the United States Bicentennial.

Awards and honors

The film was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy but lost to Cabaret. Harry Stradling Jr. was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography but lost to Geoffrey Unsworth for Cabaret.

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

  • 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated[10]

Home media

The film was released on videocassette and laserdisc in the 1980s, and on DVD in 2002. The Laserdisc version, out of print, contains an additional four minutes of footage and background music not contained on the DVD release. The 168-minute version is considered director Peter Hunt's preferred version, hence its "director's cut" moniker. The DVD version was released as the "Restored Director's Cut" and contains clips that were unreleased and unavailable in videocassette versions, including the "Cool, Cool Considerate Men" musical number and accompanying dialogue. In its theatrical and original home video releases, the film was rated G; following the restoration of various parts cut by producer Jack L. Warner, the DVD was rated PG. [citation needed]

The film was released on Blu-ray 4K-master on June 2, 2015. It contains two commentaries: an all-new commentary, with director Peter H. Hunt, William Daniels, and Ken Howard, and also the DVD version's commentary with Hunt and Peter Stone only. It also contains two versions of the film: the DVD's "Director's Cut", and an "extended cut" adding an additional 2 minutes and 44 seconds to the DVD edition's time. It also includes two deleted and alternative scenes with filmmaker commentary, screen tests, and original theatrical release trailers.

Comic book adaptation

  • Charlton Comics: 1776 (March 1973)

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ 1776 film. In: Turner Classic Movies. Abgerufen am 23. März 2016.
  2. ↑ COLUMBIA TRISTAR PICTURES SONY ENTERTAINMENT CORPORATION | WORLD ELECTRIC NAVIGATION CHALLENGE | SOLAR COLA, COKE, PEPSI, VIRGIN, COCA COLA. Archiviert vom Original am 21. Juli 2009; abgerufen am 11. Juli 2009.
  3. ↑ Gary Wayne: Sunset-Gower Studios (formerly Columbia Studios). Archiviert vom Original am 21. Juli 2009; abgerufen am 11. Juli 2009.
  4. ↑ 1776 (1972) - Notes. TCM.com, 16. März 1969, abgerufen am 7. September 2011.
  5. ↑ Archived copy. Archiviert vom Original am 4. Juli 2015; abgerufen am 4. Juli 2015.
  6. ↑ Letter from Adams to Timothy Pickering, 1822 web.archive.org Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Parameter Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: Genau einer der Parameter 'wayback', 'webciteID', 'archive-today', 'archive-is' oder 'archiv-url' muss angegeben werden.Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Linktext_fehltVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/URL Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: enWP-Wert im Parameter 'url'.. Adams also described himself as "obnoxious" in his Autobiography, written in 1805.
  7. ↑ Student finds letter 'a link to Jefferson' - CNN.com In: CNN, December 8, 2009. Abgerufen im May 6, 2010 
  8. ↑ Vincent Canby: New York Times review, Movies.nytimes.com, 10. November 1972. Abgerufen am 7. September 2011 
  9. ↑ Chicago Sun-Times review, Rogerebert.suntimes.com, December 26, 1972. Abgerufen am 7. September 2011 
  10. ↑ AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees. (PDF) Abgerufen am 13. August 2016.

[[Kategorie:US-amerikanischer Film]] [[Kategorie:Filmtitel 1972]] [[Kategorie:Wikipedia:Seite mit ungeprüften Übersetzungen]]

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