„1776 – Rebellion und Liebe“ – Versionsunterschied
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{{Infobox Film |
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{{about|the film|the Broadway musical|1776 (musical)|the book by David McCullough|1776 (book)|other uses|1776 (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}} |
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| Deutscher Titel = 1776 – Rebellion und Liebe |
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{{Infobox film |
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| Originaltitel = 1776 |
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| Produktionsland = Vereinigte Staaten |
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| image = 1776 film poster.jpg |
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| Originalsprache = Englisch |
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| image_size = |
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| Erscheinungsjahr = 1972 |
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| alt = |
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| Länge = 142 |
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| caption = Theatrical release poster |
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| FSK = |
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| director = [[Peter H. Hunt]] |
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| JMK = |
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| producer = [[Jack L. Warner]] |
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| Regie = [[Peter H. Hunt]] |
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| Drehbuch = [[Peter Stone (Drehbuchautor)|Peter Stone]] |
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| starring = [[William Daniels]]<br />[[Howard Da Silva]]<br />[[Ken Howard]]<br />[[Donald Madden]]<br />[[John Cullum]] |
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| Produzent = [[Jack L. Warner]] |
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| Musik = [[Sherman Edwards]] |
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| Kamera = [[Harry Stradling junior]] |
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| editing = Florence Williamson<br />[[William H. Ziegler]] |
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| Schnitt = [[Florence Williamson]],<br />[[William H. Ziegler]] |
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| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]] |
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| Besetzung = |
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| released = {{Film date|1972|11|17}} |
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* [[William Daniels]]: [[John Adams]] (MA) |
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| runtime = 141 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 141:27--><ref>{{cite web|title=''1776'' (A)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/1776|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=1972-12-15|accessdate=2013-06-04}}</ref> {{small|(Theatrical)}}<br />168 minutes {{small|(DVD)}} |
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* [[Howard Da Silva]]: [[Benjamin Franklin]] (PA) |
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| country = United States |
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* [[Ken Howard]]: [[Thomas Jefferson]] (VA) |
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| language = English |
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* [[Donald Madden]]: [[John Dickinson (Politiker)|John Dickinson]] (PA) |
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| budget = $6 million<ref name="times">Jack Warner to Make '1776' Into a Movie - New York Times (1923-Current file) [New York, N.Y] 26 Mar 1971: 29</ref> |
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* [[John Cullum]]: [[Edward Rutledge]] (SC) |
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| gross = $2,800,000 {{small|(Rentals)}}<ref>"Big Rental Films of 1973", ''Variety'', 9 January 1974 p 19</ref> |
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* [[David Ford (Schauspieler)|David Ford]]: [[John Hancock]] (MA) |
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* [[Roy Poole]]: [[Stephen Hopkins (Politiker)|Stephen Hopkins]] (RI) |
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* [[Ron Holgate]]: [[Richard Henry Lee]] (VA) |
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* [[Ray Middleton (Schauspieler)|Ray Middleton]]: [[Thomas McKean]] (DE) |
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* [[William Hansen]]: [[Caesar Rodney]] (DE) |
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* [[Blythe Danner]]: [[Martha Jefferson]] |
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* [[Virginia Vestoff]]: [[Abigail Adams]] |
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* [[Emory Bass]]: [[James Wilson]] (PA) |
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* [[Ralston Hill]]: Congressional Secretary [[Charles Thomson (Schriftsteller)|Charles Thomson]] |
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* [[Howard Caine]]: [[Lewis Morris]] (NY) |
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* [[Patrick Hines]]: [[Samuel Chase (Politiker, 1741)|Samuel Chase]] (MD) |
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* [[William Duell]]: Andrew McNair, Congressional Custodian |
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* [[Daniel Keyes (Schauspieler)|Daniel Keyes]]: [[Josiah Bartlett]] (NH) |
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* [[Leo Leyden]]: [[George Read]] (DE) |
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* [[Stephen Nathan]]: Courier |
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* [[Jonathan Moore (Schauspieler, 1923)|Jonathan Moore]]: [[Lyman Hall]] (GA) |
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* [[James Noble (Schauspieler)|James Noble]]: Reverend [[John Witherspoon]] (NJ) |
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* [[John Myhers]]: [[Robert R. Livingston]] (NY) |
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* [[Rex Robbins]]: [[Roger Sherman]] (CT) |
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* [[Charles Rule]]: [[Joseph Hewes]] (NC) |
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| Synchronisation = |
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}} |
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'''''1776''''' is a 1972 American [[musical film|musical]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Peter H. Hunt]]. The screenplay by [[Peter Stone]] was based on his book for the [[1776 (musical)|1969 Broadway musical of the same name]].<ref name="1776 film">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/89664/1776/|title=1776 film|work=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|accessdate=March 23, 2016}}</ref> The song score was composed by [[Sherman Edwards]]. The film stars [[William Daniels]], [[Howard Da Silva]], [[Donald Madden]], [[John Cullum]], [[Ken Howard]] and [[Blythe Danner]]. |
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'''1776 – Rebellion und Liebe''' ist ein US-amerikanisches [[Musikfilm|Musik]][[Drama (Filmgenre)|drama]] von [[Peter H. Hunt]]. Das Drehbuch von [[Peter Stone (Drehbuchautor)|Peter Stone]] basierte auf einem gleichnamigen [[Broadway (Theater)|Brodwaymusical]] von 1969.<ref name="1776 film">{{Internetquelle |url=http://www.tcm.turner.com/tcmdb/title/89664/1776/screenplay-info.html |titel=1776 (1972) – Screenplay Info |werk=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |sprache=en |abruf=2020-05-16}}</ref> Die Filmsongs wurden von [[Sherman Edwards]] komponiert. Die Hauptrollen spielten [[William Daniels]], [[Howard Da Silva]], Donald Madden, [[John Cullum]], [[Ken Howard]] und [[Blythe Danner]]. |
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Portions of the dialogue and some of the song lyrics were taken directly from the letters and memoirs of the actual participants of the [[Second Continental Congress]]. |
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Teile der Dialoge und einige Liedertexte wurden aus den Briefen und Erinnerungen der Mitglieder des [[Zweiter Kontinentalkongress|Zweiten Kontinentalkongress]] entnommen. |
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==Plot== |
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While General [[George Washington]] is conducting the struggle against the [[British Empire]] on the battlefield, the [[Continental Congress]] in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] piddles away its time over trivial matters and continually refuses to begin debating the question of [[American Revolution|American independence]]. The leader of the independence faction is the abrasive [[John Adams]] of Massachusetts, whose continuous pushing of the issue has brought their cause to a complete standstill. [[John Dickinson (politician)|John Dickinson]] of Pennsylvania leads the opposition that hopes for reconciliation with England. During his quieter moments, Adams calls up the image of his wife [[Abigail Adams]], who resides in Massachusetts and gives him insight and encouragement (these conversations are based on letters between the couple). Dr. [[Benjamin Franklin]] of Pennsylvania suggests another colony that supports independence should submit a proposal. |
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Der Film hatte am 9. November 1972 in New York Premiere und kam acht Tage später landesweit in die Kinos. Am 14. Januar 1976 wurde der Film im deutschen Fernsehen ausgestrahlt. |
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[[Richard Henry Lee]] of Virginia voluntarily rides off to [[Williamsburg, Virginia]] to get authorization from the Virginia Colony to propose independence. Dr. [[Lyman Hall]] arrives to represent Georgia, and immediately, he is interrogated by his fellow delegates regarding his views on independence (with Dickinson framing it as "treason"). Weeks later, Lee returns with the [[Lee Resolution|resolution]], and debate on the question begins. However, in the midst of debate, [[Caesar Rodney]] falters because of his cancer and is taken back to Delaware by fellow delegate [[Thomas McKean]], leaving the anti-independence [[George Read (U.S. statesman)|George Read]] to represent Delaware. |
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== Handlung == |
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After heated discussions, the question is called without a majority of positive votes present. The New Jersey delegation, led by Reverend [[John Witherspoon]], arrives just in time to provide a vote supporting independence. In a move intended to defeat the resolution, Dickinson calls for a vote requiring unanimity for passage. The vote ends in a tie between the colonies, New York abstaining as it does in every vote. It is ultimately decided in favor of unanimity by [[John Hancock]], [[president of the Continental Congress]], who argues that any objecting colony would fight for England against independence. Stalling for time to rally support for the resolution, Adams and Franklin call again for a postponement, justifying their call by stating the need for a declaration describing their grievances. Once again tied and ultimately decided by Hancock, the vote is successfully postponed until such a document can be written. |
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Während General [[George Washington]] den Kampf gegen das britische Empire auf dem Schlachtfeld führt, verbringt der [[Kontinentalkongress]] in [[Philadelphia]] seine Zeit mit Nebensächlichkeiten und weicht der Debatte um die [[Amerikanische Revolution|amerikanischen Unabhängigkeit]] aus. Anführer der Unabhängigkeitsfraktion ist der aggressive [[John Adams]] aus [[Massachusetts]], dessen ständiger Druck die Sache zum Erliegen gebracht hat. [[John Dickinson (Politiker)|John Dickinson]] aus [[Pennsylvania]] führt die Opposition an, die auf eine Aussöhnung mit Großbritannien hofft. In ruhigeren Momenten betrachtet Adams das Bild seiner Frau Abigail Adams, die in Massachusetts lebt und ihm in ihren Briefen Beistand gibt. |
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[[Richard Henry Lee]] aus [[Virginia]] reitet nach [[Williamsburg (Virginia)|Williamsburg]], Virginia, um die Erlaubnis für das Vorschlagen der Unabhängigkeit zu erhalten. Dr. [[Lyman Hall]] tritt der Versammlung für [[Georgia]] bei und wird sofort von seinen Kollegen zu seinen Ansichten zur Unabhängigkeit befragt. Wochen später kehrt Lee mit einer Resolution zurück und die Debatte über die Frage beginnt. In der Debatte bricht [[Caesar Rodney]], der durch eine Krebserkrankung sehr geschwächt ist, zusammen und wird von seinem Kollegen [[Thomas McKean]] nach [[Delaware]] zurückgebracht. |
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Hancock appoints a committee that includes Adams, Franklin, [[Roger Sherman]] of Connecticut, [[Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)|Robert Livingston]] of New York, and [[Thomas Jefferson]] (after Lee declines due to an appointment to serve as governor of Virginia). Jefferson resists because he desires to return home to Virginia to see his wife, Martha, but the others present more compelling reasons to avoid the responsibility; they opine that Jefferson's diplomatic nature and superior writing skill are required to draft the declaration. Jefferson develops writer's block due to missing his wife, so Adams sends for Martha: "It simply occurred to me that the sooner his problem was solved the sooner ours would be." Upon meeting her, Adams and Franklin are quite taken with Martha. While maneuvering to get the required unanimity for the vote on independence, Adams, Franklin and [[Samuel Chase]] of Maryland visit the Colonial Army encamped in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]], at the request of General Washington, to help convince Maryland. |
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Auch bei der kommenden Abstimmung kommt es zu keiner Entscheidung. Sie wird vertagt. |
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When they return to Philadelphia, the declaration is read and then subsequently debated and amended. Jefferson agrees to most alterations to the document, much to Adams' growing consternation. The debate reaches a head when the [[Southern United States|Southern]] delegates, led by [[Edward Rutledge]] of South Carolina, walk out of Congress when a clause opposing [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] is not removed. Adams remains adamant that the clause remain, but Franklin appeals to him to allow the passage to be removed so that they can first achieve the vote on independence and the formation of a nation, deferring the slavery fight to a later time. Adams leaves the final decision to Jefferson, who reluctantly concedes. After removing that clause, 11 of 13 colonies are now in favor. New York abstains yet again (since its delegates have never been given specific orders by the disorganized New York legislature). |
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Hancock ernennt ein Komitee, dem Adams, Franklin, [[Roger Sherman]] aus [[Connecticut]], [[Robert R. Livingston]] aus [[New York (Bundesstaat)|New York]] und [[Thomas Jefferson]] angehören. Jefferson weigert sich, weil er nach Virginia zu seiner Frau Martha zurückkehren möchte. Die anderen erinnern ihn an seine Verantwortung und können ihn überzeugen das seine diplomatische Art und seine literarischen Fähigkeiten gebraucht werden. Jefferson entwickelt eine Schreibblockade, weil er seine Frau vermisst. |
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The question is therefore up to the Colony of Pennsylvania, whose delegation is polled at Franklin's request. Franklin votes for the declaration, but Dickinson votes against. The outcome is now in the hands of their fellow Pennsylvanian Judge [[James Wilson]]. Wilson has always followed Dickinson's lead, but in this case Wilson votes in favor of the declaration, securing its passage, so that he would not be remembered by history as the man who voted to prevent American independence. After receiving word of the destruction of his property from General Washington, [[Lewis Morris]] finally withdraws New York's abstention and agrees to sign the document. Finally, with the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] ready to be signed, Hancock places his signature first, whereupon the others (including New York) affix theirs to the Declaration, establishing the United States on July 4, 1776. |
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Die Debatte erreicht einen Höhepunkt, als die südlichen Delegierten, angeführt von [[Edward Rutledge]] aus [[South Carolina]], androhen den Kongress zu verlassen, wenn eine Klausel gegen die [[Sklaverei]] nicht aufgehoben wird. Adams hält an der Klausel fest, aber Franklin appelliert an ihn, die Streichung der Passage zuzulassen, damit sie zuerst über die Unabhängigkeit und die Bildung einer Nation abstimmen und den Kampf gegen die Sklaverei auf eine spätere Zeit verschieben. Adams überlässt die endgültige Entscheidung Jefferson, der widerstrebend zustimmt. Nach Aufhebung dieser Klausel sind 11 von 13 Kolonien für die Unabhängigkeit. Die Delegierten aus New York enthalten sich erneut der Stimme, da sie keine Anweisung vom Parlament ihrer Kolonie erhalten haben. |
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==Cast== |
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; Delegates |
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{{div col}} |
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* [[William Daniels]] as [[John Adams]] (MA) |
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* [[Howard Da Silva]] as [[Benjamin Franklin]] (PA) |
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* [[Ken Howard]] as [[Thomas Jefferson]] (VA) |
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* [[Donald Madden]] as [[John Dickinson]] (PA) |
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* [[John Cullum]] as [[Edward Rutledge]] (SC) |
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* [[David Ford (actor)|David Ford]] as [[John Hancock]] (MA) |
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* Roy Poole as [[Stephen Hopkins (politician)|Stephen Hopkins]] (RI) |
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* [[Ron Holgate]] as [[Richard Henry Lee]] (VA) |
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* [[Ray Middleton (actor)|Ray Middleton]] as [[Thomas McKean]] (DE) |
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* [[William Hansen (actor)|William Hansen]] as [[Caesar Rodney]] (DE) |
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* [[Emory Bass]] as [[James Wilson]] (PA) |
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* [[Howard Caine]] as [[Lewis Morris]] (NY) |
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* [[Patrick Hines]] as [[Samuel Chase]] (MD) |
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* Daniel Keyes as [[Josiah Bartlett]] (NH) |
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* Leo Leyden as [[George Read (signer)|George Read]] (DE) |
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* Jonathan Moore as [[Lyman Hall]] (GA) |
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* [[James Noble (actor)|James Noble]] as Reverend [[John Witherspoon]] (NJ) |
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* [[John Myhers]] as [[Robert Livingston (chancellor)|Robert Livingston]] (NY) |
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* [[Rex Robbins]] as [[Roger Sherman]] (CT) |
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* Charles Rule as [[Joseph Hewes]] (NC) |
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Nachdem [[Lewis Morris]] von General Washington die Nachricht über die Zerstörung seines Eigentums erhalten hat, zieht aber auch New York seine Enthaltung endgültig zurück und erklärt sich bereit, das Dokument zu unterzeichnen. Auf der Unabhängigkeitserklärung, die zur Unterzeichnung bereitliegt, setzt Hancock seine Unterschrift als erster, woraufhin die anderen, einschließlich die Delegierten von New York, ebenfalls unterschreiben und somit die Vereinigten Staaten am 4. Juli 1776 gründen. |
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{{div col end}} |
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; Others |
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{{div col}} |
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* [[Blythe Danner]] as [[Martha Jefferson]] |
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* [[Virginia Vestoff]] as [[Abigail Adams]] |
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* [[Ralston Hill]] as [[Charles Thomson]], Secretary of the Continental Congress |
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* [[William Duell]] as [[Andrew McNair]], Congressional custodian |
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* Stephen Nathan as Courier |
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{{div col end}} |
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== Soundtrack == |
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==Musical numbers and soundtrack== |
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[[File:1776mpsdtrklp.jpg|300px|thumb|1776 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack album cover]] |
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# Overture |
# Overture |
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# „Sit Down, John“ – Adams, Congress |
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# „Piddle, Twiddle and Resolve“ – Adams |
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# „Till Then“ – Adams, Abigail |
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# „The Lees of Old Virginia“ – Lee, Franklin, Adams |
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# „But, Mr. Adams“ –, Franklin, Jefferson, Sherman, Livingston |
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# „Yours, Yours, Yours“ – John, Abigail |
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# „He Plays the Violin“ – Martha Jefferson, Franklin, Adams |
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# „Cool, Cool, Considerate Men“ – Dickinson, The Conservatives |
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# „Momma Look Sharp“ – Courier, McNair, Leather Apron |
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# „The Egg“ – Franklin, Adams, Jefferson |
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# „Molasses to Rum“ – Rutledge |
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# „Compliments“ – Adams, Abigail |
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# „Is Anybody There?“ – Adams |
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# Finale |
# Finale |
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Der original Film-Soundtrack wurde 1972 von [[Columbia Records]] als [[Musikalbum|Album]] veröffentlicht. |
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An original motion picture [[soundtrack album]] was released in 1972 by [[Columbia Records]] on the vinyl [[LP album|LP]] format. It contains all the musical numbers, with the exception of "Cool, Cool Considerate Men" and "Compliments". The soundtrack also contains the edited versions of some of the musical numbers which were presented in full on the [[laserdisc]] and [[DVD]] releases. Although the Original Broadway Cast recording was released on [[compact disc|CD]] in 1992, the film soundtrack was not.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} |
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== Produktion == |
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[[Jack L. Warner]] kaufte die Filmrechte für das Musical für 1,25 Millionen US-Dollar.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=http://www.tcm.turner.com/tcmdb/title/89664/1776/notes.html |titel=1776 (1972) – Notes |werk=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |sprache=en |abruf=2020-05-16}}</ref> |
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[[Jack L. Warner]] bought the film rights to the musical for $1.25 million. |
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Viele Mitglieder der [[Broadway (Theater)|Broadwaybesetzung]], wie [[William Daniels]], [[Ken Howard]], [[John Cullum]] und [[Howard Da Silva]], spielten ihre Rolle auch im Film. Für Ralston Hill, Ron Holgate, David Ford, Charles Rule und andere war es der einzige Auftritt in einem Spielfilm. Diese Entscheidung wurde von Warner getroffen, da sie die Ersetzung von [[Julie Andrews]] durch Audrey Hepburn im Film [[My Fair Lady (Film)|''My Fair Lady'']] für eine Fehlentscheidung hielten. |
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== Rezeptionen == |
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''1776'' was also the only film of [[Donald Madden]], who was not in the original Broadway cast. |
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Bei [[Rotten Tomatoes]] erhielt der Film 69 % bei 16 Bewertungen. |
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== Ehrungen == |
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Exteriors were filmed at the Warner Ranch in Burbank, California, the former Columbia Pictures backlot, where they built an entire street of colonial Philadelphia. Most of the colonial sets were destroyed by a fire in the mid-1970s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} |
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Der Film wurde bei den [[Golden Globe Award]] für das [[Golden Globe Award/Bester Film – Komödie oder Musical|beste Musical oder Komödie]] nominiert. Den Preis erhielt ''[[Cabaret (Film)|Cabaret]]''. [[Harry Stradling junior|Harry Stradling Jr]]. war für den Film für den [[Oscar]] für die [[Oscar/Beste Kamera|beste Kamera]] nominiert und unterlag [[Geoffrey Unsworth]] für ''Cabaret''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/musicals_ballot.pdf|title=AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees|date=|accessdate=2016-08-13|format=PDF}}</ref> |
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== Einzelnachweise == |
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The water fountain seen during the musical number "The Lees of Old Virginia," with [[Ben Franklin]], [[John Adams]], and [[Richard Henry Lee]], became known to television viewers as the fountain seen during the beginning credits of the TV series ''[[Friends]]''. This fountain still exists directly across the street from the ''[[Bewitched]]'' and ''[[I Dream of Jeannie]]'' houses.<ref>http://www.columbiaranch.net/Park/</ref> |
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<references /> |
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== Weblinks == |
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Interiors were shot at the old Columbia studio on Gower Street in Hollywood.<ref>{{cite web|title=COLUMBIA TRISTAR PICTURES SONY ENTERTAINMENT CORPORATION | WORLD ELECTRIC NAVIGATION CHALLENGE | SOLAR COLA, COKE, PEPSI, VIRGIN, COCA COLA. |url=http://www.solarnavigator.net/columbia_pictures_sony_entertainment.htm |work= |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5iQIWn8c6?url=http://www.solarnavigator.net/columbia_pictures_sony_entertainment.htm |archivedate=July 21, 2009 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2009-07-11 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunset-Gower Studios (formerly Columbia Studios) |author=Gary Wayne |url=http://www.seeing-stars.com/Studios/SunsetGower.shtml |work= |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5iQIf7vwC?url=http://www.seeing-stars.com/Studios/SunsetGower.shtml |archivedate=July 21, 2009 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2009-07-11 |df=mdy }}</ref> ''1776'' was among the final films shot at Gower Studios before the Warner/Columbia merger in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/89664/1776/notes.html |title=1776 (1972) - Notes |publisher=TCM.com |date=1969-03-16 |accessdate=2011-09-07}}</ref> |
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{{Commonscat|1776 (film)|1776 – Rebellion und Liebe}} |
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* {{IMDb|tt0068156}} |
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In its theatrical and original home video releases, the film was rated G; following the restoration of various parts cut by producer [[Jack L. Warner]], the [[DVD]] was rated PG.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} The [[Laserdisc]] version, out of print, contains additional footage and background music not contained on the DVD release. The 168-minute version is considered director Peter Hunt's preferred version, hence its "[[director's cut]]" [[moniker]]. The film was the Christmas attraction at [[Radio City Music Hall]] in New York City.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} |
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* {{Rotten Tomatoes|1776|1776}} |
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{{SORTIERUNG:#::::1776 Rebellion und Liebe}} |
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"Cool, Cool, Considerate Men" was cut from the film prior to its release and not included on the soundtrack recording nor on the first VHS tapes and laserdiscs. The footage, some of physically poor quality, was restored for the DVD and Blu-Ray releases. |
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[[Kategorie:Filmtitel 1972]] |
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[[Kategorie:US-amerikanischer Film]] |
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==Political changes== |
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[[Kategorie:Musicalfilm]] |
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According to the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', "The song 'Cool, Cool, Considerate Men' depicts Revolutionary War–era conservatives as power-hungry wheedlers focused on maintaining wealth."<ref name="cool" /> According to Jack L. Warner, the film's producer and a friend of [[United States President|U.S. President]] [[Richard Nixon]], Nixon requested to have the song removed from the film. Nixon apparently saw the song as an insult to the conservatives of his time, as it suggested that the conservatives were the ones who were hindering American Independence as they danced a [[minuet]] singing the song that included the [[stanza]], |
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[[Kategorie:Musicalverfilmung]] |
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{{quote|<poem>Come ye cool, cool considerate set |
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[[Kategorie:Amerikanischer Unabhängigkeitskrieg im Film]] |
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We'll dance together to the same minuet |
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[[Kategorie:Wikipedia:Seite mit ungeprüften Übersetzungen]] |
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To the right, ever to the right |
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Never to the left, forever to the right. |
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</poem>}} |
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To further complicate things as mentioned above, the song is anachronistic, because the terms "right" and "left" in politics were not coined until the [[French Revolution]]. |
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Warner's attempt to comply with Nixon's demands had initially been rebuffed by director Hunt during production, only for the song to be removed in post-production while Hunt was on vacation. Warner also wanted the original negative of the song shredded, but the film's editor kept it in storage unaltered.<ref name="cool" /> Trailers were already released in theaters with the "Considerate Men" number as its centerpiece; Warner had those trailers pulled and re-edited.<ref name="rwb" /> Hunt later mentioned in a 2015 interview that Warner, on his deathbed, told a friend that he regretted editing the scene, believing that he had ruined the structure of the film as a result of those edits.<ref name="rwb">Epstein, Ronald (May 20, 2015). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=996&v=sU84JvdElq8 Peter Hunt interview.] ''Home Theater Forum".</ref> It was only decades later that the song was restored to the film.<ref name="cool">[http://articles.latimes.com/2001/sep/07/entertainment/ca-42982 Heated Debate About 'Cool' Cut], [http://articles.latimes.com/ Los Angeles Times Archives], September 07, 2001, Accessed 2009-05-30</ref> |
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When the Broadway musical was about to be presented to Nixon at the [[White House]] in 1970, before the film was made, his staff pressed the producers to cut the song then; their request was denied.<ref name="cool" /> |
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==Historical accuracy== |
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According to ''The Columbia Companion to American History on Film'', historical "[i]naccuracies pervade ''1776'', though few are very troubling."<ref>Peter C. Rollins, ed., ''The Columbia Companion to American History on Film'' (Columbia University Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-231-11222-X}}), p. 154.</ref><!-- This refers to the film, of course, but applies to the stage play as well. --> Because Congress was held in secrecy and there are no contemporary records on the debate over the Declaration of Independence, the authors of the play created the narrative based on later accounts and educated guesses, inventing scenes and dialogue as needed for storytelling purposes. Some of the dialogue was taken from words written, often years or even decades later, by the actual people involved, and rearranged for dramatic effect.<ref>Stone and Edwards, pp. 153–65, describing the play's historical basis and dramatic license.</ref> |
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The film particularly distorts and omits the views of the mid-Atlantic Quaker population, represented by Dickinson. Although in the film Dickinson is portrayed as loyalist, and John Adams is seen making the points of objection about the tax abuses of [[George III of Great Britain|George III of the United Kingdom]], including regressive taxes and "taxation without representation", and all to fund wars and the King's lifestyle, not to benefit the people, it was Dickinson's ''[[Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania]]'' that had originally made these points. A supposed physical fight between Dickinson and Adams is portrayed, in which Dickinson calls Adams a "lawyer" as an epithet, which makes little sense since Dickinson was a lawyer himself. |
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Also, despite the film's heavy focus on John Adams, John Dickinson, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, only Martha Jefferson and [[Abigail Adams]] and their marriages are depicted, despite Dickinson's wife, [[Mary Norris Dickinson]], being the only one of these spouses actually present in Philadelphia during the convention. (Franklin's common law wife, [[Deborah Read]], had died a year or so earlier.) Although the film initially uses actual correspondence between Abigail Adams and John Adams as a basis for dialogue, it romanticizes her views in later scenes. The film also fictionalizes the Martha Jefferson relationship in particular, depicting her as coming to the convention, when she had actually just suffered a miscarriage and was also dealing with complications of gestational diabetes and was an invalid in Virginia. The omission of Mary Norris and Dickinson's marriage to her is also particularly distorting as Quaker marriages such as that of Dickinson and Norris were more egalitarian than those of some of the other founding cultures (including the patriarchal Puritan-style Adams marriage, to which Abigail Adams objects in her letters quoted in the film) and were by definition not bound to gender stereotypes. |
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Another departure from history is that the separation from Great Britain was accomplished in two steps: the actual vote for independence came on July 2 with the approval of Lee's [[resolution of independence]]. The wording of the Declaration of Independence—the statement to the world as to the reasons necessitating the split—was then debated for three days before being approved on July 4. The vote for independence did not hinge on some passages being removed from the Declaration, as implied in the film (and the play), since Congress had already voted in favor of independence before debating the Declaration. For the sake of drama, the play's authors combined the two events.<ref name="Book158">Stone and Edwards, p. 158.</ref> In addition, some historians believe that the Declaration was not signed on July 4, as shown in ''1776'', but was instead signed on August 2, 1776. Others point out that the final, official copy of the document was signed by the delegates not on a single date, but over several weeks and months, commencing in July but not being completed until as late as September. The authors of ''1776'' had the delegates sign the Declaration on July 4 for dramatic reasons.<ref name="Book158" /> |
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The [[Liberty Bell]] in ''1776'' is shown being rung as the delegates were signing the Declaration on July 4; however, this was also for dramatic effect. Independence Hall's wooden steeple was structurally unstable, and the Liberty Bell was silent, having been lowered into the upper chamber of the brick tower.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ushistory.org/libertybell/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-07-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704163228/http://www.ushistory.org/libertybell/ |archivedate=2015-07-04 |df=mdy }}</ref> A smaller bell, used to toll the hours, may have rung on July 8, for the public reading of the Declaration. |
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Many characters in ''1776'' differ from their historical counterparts. Central to the drama is the depiction of John Adams as "obnoxious and disliked." According to biographer [[David McCullough]], however, Adams was one of the most respected members of Congress in 1776. Adams's often-quoted description of himself in Congress as "obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular" is from a letter written 46 years later in 1822,<ref>[http://personal.pitnet.net/primarysources/pickering.html Letter from Adams to [[Timothy Pickering]], 1822] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117234803/http://personal.pitnet.net/primarysources/pickering.html |date=November 17, 2007 }}. Adams also described himself as "obnoxious" in his [http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/aea/cfm/doc.cfm?id=A1_24 ''Autobiography''], written in 1805.</ref> after his unpopular presidency had likely colored his view of the past. According to McCullough, no delegate described Adams as obnoxious in 1776.<ref>McCullough, David. ''[[John Adams (book)|John Adams]]'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), pp. 119–20.</ref> Historian [[Garry Wills]] earlier made a similar argument, writing that "historians relay John Adams's memories without sufficient skepticism", and that it was Dickinson, not Adams, who was advocating an unpopular position in 1776.<ref>Wills, Garry. ''Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence'' (New York: Doubleday, 1978), pp. 349–50.</ref> |
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For practical and dramatic purposes, the work does not depict all of the more than 50 members of Congress who were present at the time. This version of John Adams is, in part, a [[composite character]], combining the real Adams with his cousin [[Samuel Adams]], who was in Congress at the time but is not depicted in the play.<ref name="Book162">Stone and Edwards, p. 162.</ref> Although the play depicts Delaware's [[Caesar Rodney]] as an elderly man near death from skin cancer (which would eventually kill him), he was just 47 years old at the time and continued to be very active in the Revolution after signing the Declaration. He was not absent from the voting because of health; however, the play is accurate in having him arrive "in the nick of time," having ridden 80 miles the night before (an event depicted on Delaware's 1999 [[State Quarter]]) unaided, instead of with the help of another delegate. Further, Richard Henry Lee announces that he is returning to Virginia to serve as governor. He was never governor; his cousin [[Henry Lee III|Henry Lee]] (who is anachronistically called "General 'Lighthorse' Harry Lee," a rank and nickname earned later) did eventually become governor (and the father of Confederate general [[Robert E. Lee]]). John Adams was also depicted as disliking Richard Henry Lee, but according to McCullough, Adams expressed nothing but "respect and admiration for the tall, masterly Virginian." He did dislike Benjamin Franklin, contrary to what was portrayed. |
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Martha Jefferson never traveled to Philadelphia to be with her husband; she was extremely ill during the summer of 1776, having just endured a miscarriage. The play's authors invented the scene "to show something of the young Jefferson's life without destroying the [[Classical unities|unity of setting]]."<ref name="Book161">Stone and Edwards, p. 161.</ref> Martha is also depicted as dancing a [[galop]] with Franklin and Adams, a dance not introduced until the 1820s in Paris. |
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[[James Wilson]] was not the indecisive milquetoast depicted in the play and the film. The real Wilson, who was not yet a judge in 1776, had been cautious about supporting independence at an earlier date, but he supported the resolution of independence when it came up for a vote. Pennsylvania's deciding swing vote was actually cast by [[John Morton (American politician)|John Morton]], who is not depicted in the musical.<ref name="Book162" /> |
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The quote attributed to [[Edmund Burke]] by Dr. Lyman Hall in a key scene with Adams is a paraphrase of a real quote by Burke.<ref>"Your Representative owes you, not his industry only, but his judgment; and he betrays, instead of serving you, if he sacrifices it to your opinion." Edmund Burke, Select Works of Edmund Burke. [http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch13s7.html].</ref> |
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The song "Cool Considerate Men" is anachronistic; the terms [[Left–right politics#History of the terms|"right" and "left"]] in politics were not in use until the [[French Revolution]] of 1789. [[John Dickinson (politician)|John Dickinson]], who is portrayed as an antagonist here, was motivated mainly by his Quaker roots and his respect for the British Constitution, having lived in England for 3 years in the 1750s.<ref>Jack Rakove: "The Patriot Who Refused to Sign the Declaration of Independence", http://www.historynet.com/the-patriot-who-refused-to-sign-the-declaration-of-independence.htm</ref> He was no wealthier than some members of the pro-Independence faction, and freed his slaves in 1777. Thomas Jefferson wrote that "his name will be consecrated in history as one of the great worthies of the revolution".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/12/04/jefferson.letter/index.html | work=CNN | title=Student finds letter 'a link to Jefferson' - CNN.com | accessdate=May 6, 2010 | date=December 8, 2009}}</ref> |
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The film also misses the objection some had to the Declaration's stated basis in "rights of Man" based in "natural law" derived from a supernatural being. The Quaker-based population in the mid-Atlantic, represented by Dickinson, objected to this conception. Dickinson's objection to the Declaration had to do with this, as well as the fact he and his base preferred civil disobedience to war as the means, and a view that the colonies were too immature and the egalitarian mid-Atlantic culture would be overruled by the slavery of the South and the patriarchal Puritan attitudes of New England, represented by John Adams, in the foundation of the new country. The film also omits the fact that Dickinson, after refusing to sign the Declaration, set about drafting the [[Articles of Confederation]], which he based on "rights of Person" with no reference to anything but law created by human beings and the only reference to "men" being in the context of mustering armies. This basis was then used when the Articles were converted to the Constitution but by then completely omitting the word "man" and only using the word "Person." |
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The musical also deviates from history in its portrayal of attitudes about slavery. In ''1776'', after a dramatic debate over slavery, the southern delegates walk out in protest of the Declaration's denunciation of the slave trade, and only support independence when that language was removed from the Declaration. The walkout is fictional, as the debate over the wording of the declaration took place after the vote for independence on July 2, and apparently most delegates, northern and southern, supported the deletion of the clause. |
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The musical depicts [[Edward Rutledge]] as the leader of the opposition to an anti-slavery clause in Jefferson's original draft of the Declaration. However, while we do know that, according to Jefferson, the clause was opposed by South Carolina and Georgia, plus unspecified "northern brethren",<ref>''The Jeffersonian Cyclopedia: a Comprehensive Collection of the Views of Thomas Jefferson'' (1900) by Thomas Jefferson, edited by John P. Foley, p. 246</ref> that is all that is known about opposition to the clause. Rutledge was a delegate from South Carolina, but there is no historical evidence that he played any part—much less a leadership role—in the opposition to the clause.<ref>Nothing is known of what Rutledge said or did during the Continental Congress, as the Congress was conducted in closed session and its members had made a pact of secrecy. No letters or memoirs have been found in which his participation is specified, and no record has been found as to what Rutledge did or did not say in regard to Jefferson's complaint about the King's freeing of slaves and veto of slave tariffs. See, e.g., ''Lives of the Presidents of the United States'' by Robert W. Lincoln (1836), p. 390; ''Sanderson's Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence'' (1846) by John Sanderson and Robert Taylor Conrad, p. 351; ''The United States Manual of Biography and History'' by James V. Marshall (1856), p. 115; ''An Outline of the Political and Social Life of George Washington'', Volume 2 (1895) by James Tyson, p. 339.</ref> The musical does acknowledge the complexity of the colonial attitudes toward slavery in the dramatic song "Molasses to Rum to Slaves", sung by the Rutledge character, which illustrates the hypocrisy in northern condemnations of slavery since northerners profited from the [[triangle trade]]. |
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Thomas Jefferson is depicted in the musical as saying that he has resolved to free his slaves, something he did not do, except for a few slaves freed after his death 50 years later. The musical also depicts Franklin as claiming that he is the founder of the first abolitionist organization in the New World; the real Franklin did not become an abolitionist until after the American Revolution, becoming president of the [[Pennsylvania Abolition Society]] in 1785.<ref>Isaacson, Walter. ''Benjamin Franklin: An American Life'' (2003).</ref> It was actually Dickinson who freed his slaves in 1776, conditionally at first, and fully by 1787 when the Constitution was ratified. |
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In both the play and the film, John Adams sarcastically predicts that Benjamin Franklin will receive from posterity too great a share of credit for the Revolution. "Franklin smote the ground and out sprang—George Washington. Fully grown, and on his horse. Franklin then electrified them with his miraculous lightning rod and the three of them—Franklin, Washington, and the horse—conducted the entire Revolution all by themselves." Adams did make a similar comment about Franklin in April 1790, just after Franklin's death, although the mention of the horse was a humorous twist added by the authors of the musical.<ref name="Old Family Letters">'Old Family Letters', https://books.google.com/books?id=84oTAQAAMAAJ&dq=old%20family%20letters%20john%20adams%2055&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q=old%20family%20letters%20john%20adams%2055</ref> |
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[[James Wilson]] is portrayed as subordinating himself to Dickinson's opposition to independence, only changing his vote so that he would not be remembered unfavorably. In fact, Wilson was considered one of the leading thinkers behind the American cause, consistently supporting and arguing for independence, although he would not cast his vote until his district had been caucused.<ref>James Wilson: Founding Father, Charles Page Smith, 1956</ref> |
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The formula John Adams gives Abigail for making saltpeter — "By treating [[sodium nitrate]] with [[potassium chloride]], of course!" — refers to various chemicals by their modern names, instead of the names used in the 1770s. A more historically accurate version might be "treating soda [[niter]] with [[potash]]." More accurate still would have been a detailed description of the process, involving ingredients such as manure or bat guano, would probably have been too long, and repulsive to audiences. |
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==Critical reception== |
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[[Vincent Canby]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' observed, "The music is resolutely unmemorable. The lyrics sound as if they'd been written by someone high on [[root beer]], and the book is familiar history—compressed here, stretched there—that has been gagged up and paced to Broadway's not inspiring standards. Yet Peter H. Hunt's screen version of ''1776'' ... insists on being so entertaining and, at times, even moving, that you might as well stop resisting it. This reaction, I suspect, represents a clear triumph of emotional associations over material ... [It] is far from being a landmark of musical cinema, but it is the first film in my memory that comes close to treating seriously a magnificent chapter in the American history."<ref>{{cite news|last=Canby |first=Vincent |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=980DE1D7113DEF34BC4852DFB7678389669EDE |title=''New York Times'' review |publisher=Movies.nytimes.com |date=1972-11-10 |accessdate=2011-09-07}}</ref> |
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[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' gave ''1776'' two stars and declared, "This is an insult to the real men who were Adams, Jefferson, Franklin and the rest ... The performances trapped inside these roles, as you might expect, are fairly dreadful. There are good actors in the movie (especially William Daniels as Adams and Donald Madden as John Dickinson), but they're forced to strut and posture so much that you wonder if they ever scratched or spit or anything ... I can hardly bear to remember the songs, much less discuss them. Perhaps I shouldn't. It is just too damn bad this movie didn't take advantage of its right to the pursuit of happiness."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19721226/REVIEWS/212260301/1023 |title=''Chicago Sun-Times'' review |publisher=Rogerebert.suntimes.com |date= December 26, 1972|accessdate=2011-09-07}}</ref> |
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==Awards and honors== |
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The film was nominated for the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy]] but lost to ''[[Cabaret (1972 film)|Cabaret]]''. [[Harry Stradling Jr.]] was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography]] but lost to [[Geoffrey Unsworth]] for ''Cabaret''. |
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The film is recognized by [[American Film Institute]] in these lists: |
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* 2006: [[AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals]] – Nominated<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/musicals_ballot.pdf |title= AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2016-08-13}}</ref> |
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==Home media releases== |
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The film was released on [[videocassette]] and [[laserdisc]] in the 1980s, and on [[DVD]] in 2002. This DVD version was released as the "Restored Director's Cut" and contains clips that were unreleased and unavailable in videocassette versions, including the "Cool, Cool Considerate Men" musical number and accompanying dialogue. The (out of print) laserdisc contains an additional four minutes of material which is not available on the DVD. |
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The film was released on [[Blu-ray]] [[4K resolution|4K]]-master on June 2, 2015.<ref>http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=16385</ref> It contains two commentaries: an all-new commentary, with director Peter H. Hunt, William Daniels, and Ken Howard, and also the DVD version's commentary with Hunt and Peter Stone only. It also contains two versions of the film: the DVD's "Director's Cut", and an "extended cut" adding an additional 2 minutes and 44 seconds to the DVD edition's time. It also includes two deleted and alternative scenes with filmmaker commentary, screen tests, and original theatrical release trailers. |
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==Comic book adaptation== |
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* [[Charlton Comics]]: ''1776'' (March 1973)<ref>{{gcdb issue|id=170485|title=Charlton Comics: ''1776''}}</ref><ref>{{comicbookdb|type=issue|id=155847|title=Charlton Comics: ''1776''}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[List of American films of 1972]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|30em}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category|1776 (film)}} |
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{{Wikiquote}} |
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* {{IMDb title|0068156|1776}} |
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* {{rotten-tomatoes|1776|1776}} |
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{{John Adams}} |
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{{Benjamin Franklin}} |
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{{Thomas Jefferson}} |
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{{John Dickinson}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:1776 (Film)}} |
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[[Category:1972 films]] |
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[[Category:1970s musical comedy films]] |
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[[Category:1970s comedy-drama films]] |
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[[Category:American films]] |
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[[Category:American comedy-drama films]] |
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[[Category:American musical comedy films]] |
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[[Category:English-language films]] |
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[[Category:Films directed by Peter H. Hunt]] |
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[[Category:American Revolutionary War films]] |
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[[Category:Films about Presidents of the United States]] |
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[[Category:Films set in Philadelphia]] |
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[[Category:Films set in the 1770s]] |
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[[Category:Fiction set in 1776]] |
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[[Category:Independence Day (United States) films]] |
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[[Category:Musical films based on actual events]] |
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[[Category:United States Declaration of Independence]] |
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[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]] |
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[[Category:Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson]] |
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[[Category:Cultural depictions of George Washington]] |
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[[Category:Cultural depictions of Benjamin Franklin]] |
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[[Category:Cultural depictions of John Adams]] |
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[[Category:Cultural depictions of John Hancock]] |
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[[Category:Films adapted into comics]] |
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Aktuelle Version vom 20. Mai 2024, 21:54 Uhr
1776 – Rebellion und Liebe ist ein US-amerikanisches Musikdrama von Peter H. Hunt. Das Drehbuch von Peter Stone basierte auf einem gleichnamigen Brodwaymusical von 1969.[1] Die Filmsongs wurden von Sherman Edwards komponiert. Die Hauptrollen spielten William Daniels, Howard Da Silva, Donald Madden, John Cullum, Ken Howard und Blythe Danner.
Teile der Dialoge und einige Liedertexte wurden aus den Briefen und Erinnerungen der Mitglieder des Zweiten Kontinentalkongress entnommen.
Der Film hatte am 9. November 1972 in New York Premiere und kam acht Tage später landesweit in die Kinos. Am 14. Januar 1976 wurde der Film im deutschen Fernsehen ausgestrahlt.
Handlung
Während General George Washington den Kampf gegen das britische Empire auf dem Schlachtfeld führt, verbringt der Kontinentalkongress in Philadelphia seine Zeit mit Nebensächlichkeiten und weicht der Debatte um die amerikanischen Unabhängigkeit aus. Anführer der Unabhängigkeitsfraktion ist der aggressive John Adams aus Massachusetts, dessen ständiger Druck die Sache zum Erliegen gebracht hat. John Dickinson aus Pennsylvania führt die Opposition an, die auf eine Aussöhnung mit Großbritannien hofft. In ruhigeren Momenten betrachtet Adams das Bild seiner Frau Abigail Adams, die in Massachusetts lebt und ihm in ihren Briefen Beistand gibt.
Richard Henry Lee aus Virginia reitet nach Williamsburg, Virginia, um die Erlaubnis für das Vorschlagen der Unabhängigkeit zu erhalten. Dr. Lyman Hall tritt der Versammlung für Georgia bei und wird sofort von seinen Kollegen zu seinen Ansichten zur Unabhängigkeit befragt. Wochen später kehrt Lee mit einer Resolution zurück und die Debatte über die Frage beginnt. In der Debatte bricht Caesar Rodney, der durch eine Krebserkrankung sehr geschwächt ist, zusammen und wird von seinem Kollegen Thomas McKean nach Delaware zurückgebracht.
Auch bei der kommenden Abstimmung kommt es zu keiner Entscheidung. Sie wird vertagt.
Hancock ernennt ein Komitee, dem Adams, Franklin, Roger Sherman aus Connecticut, Robert R. Livingston aus New York und Thomas Jefferson angehören. Jefferson weigert sich, weil er nach Virginia zu seiner Frau Martha zurückkehren möchte. Die anderen erinnern ihn an seine Verantwortung und können ihn überzeugen das seine diplomatische Art und seine literarischen Fähigkeiten gebraucht werden. Jefferson entwickelt eine Schreibblockade, weil er seine Frau vermisst.
Die Debatte erreicht einen Höhepunkt, als die südlichen Delegierten, angeführt von Edward Rutledge aus South Carolina, androhen den Kongress zu verlassen, wenn eine Klausel gegen die Sklaverei nicht aufgehoben wird. Adams hält an der Klausel fest, aber Franklin appelliert an ihn, die Streichung der Passage zuzulassen, damit sie zuerst über die Unabhängigkeit und die Bildung einer Nation abstimmen und den Kampf gegen die Sklaverei auf eine spätere Zeit verschieben. Adams überlässt die endgültige Entscheidung Jefferson, der widerstrebend zustimmt. Nach Aufhebung dieser Klausel sind 11 von 13 Kolonien für die Unabhängigkeit. Die Delegierten aus New York enthalten sich erneut der Stimme, da sie keine Anweisung vom Parlament ihrer Kolonie erhalten haben.
Nachdem Lewis Morris von General Washington die Nachricht über die Zerstörung seines Eigentums erhalten hat, zieht aber auch New York seine Enthaltung endgültig zurück und erklärt sich bereit, das Dokument zu unterzeichnen. Auf der Unabhängigkeitserklärung, die zur Unterzeichnung bereitliegt, setzt Hancock seine Unterschrift als erster, woraufhin die anderen, einschließlich die Delegierten von New York, ebenfalls unterschreiben und somit die Vereinigten Staaten am 4. Juli 1776 gründen.
Soundtrack
- Overture
- „Sit Down, John“ – Adams, Congress
- „Piddle, Twiddle and Resolve“ – Adams
- „Till Then“ – Adams, Abigail
- „The Lees of Old Virginia“ – Lee, Franklin, Adams
- „But, Mr. Adams“ –, Franklin, Jefferson, Sherman, Livingston
- „Yours, Yours, Yours“ – John, Abigail
- „He Plays the Violin“ – Martha Jefferson, Franklin, Adams
- „Cool, Cool, Considerate Men“ – Dickinson, The Conservatives
- „Momma Look Sharp“ – Courier, McNair, Leather Apron
- „The Egg“ – Franklin, Adams, Jefferson
- „Molasses to Rum“ – Rutledge
- „Compliments“ – Adams, Abigail
- „Is Anybody There?“ – Adams
- Finale
Der original Film-Soundtrack wurde 1972 von Columbia Records als Album veröffentlicht.
Produktion
Jack L. Warner kaufte die Filmrechte für das Musical für 1,25 Millionen US-Dollar.[2]
Viele Mitglieder der Broadwaybesetzung, wie William Daniels, Ken Howard, John Cullum und Howard Da Silva, spielten ihre Rolle auch im Film. Für Ralston Hill, Ron Holgate, David Ford, Charles Rule und andere war es der einzige Auftritt in einem Spielfilm. Diese Entscheidung wurde von Warner getroffen, da sie die Ersetzung von Julie Andrews durch Audrey Hepburn im Film My Fair Lady für eine Fehlentscheidung hielten.
Rezeptionen
Bei Rotten Tomatoes erhielt der Film 69 % bei 16 Bewertungen.
Ehrungen
Der Film wurde bei den Golden Globe Award für das beste Musical oder Komödie nominiert. Den Preis erhielt Cabaret. Harry Stradling Jr. war für den Film für den Oscar für die beste Kamera nominiert und unterlag Geoffrey Unsworth für Cabaret.[3]
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ 1776 (1972) – Screenplay Info. In: Turner Classic Movies. Abgerufen am 16. Mai 2020 (englisch).
- ↑ 1776 (1972) – Notes. In: Turner Classic Movies. Abgerufen am 16. Mai 2020 (englisch).
- ↑ AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees. (PDF) Abgerufen am 13. August 2016.
Weblinks
Commons: 1776 – Rebellion und Liebe – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
- 1776 – Rebellion und Liebe bei IMDb
- 1776 bei Rotten Tomatoes (englisch)
