„Malouma“ – Versionsunterschied
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Malouma was selected in 2003 by the jury as one of the World Music Expo ([[WOMEX]]) showcase artists{{sfn|Romero|2003}} and two years later she was selected by BBC musicologist [[Charlie Gillett]], for his 2005 selected compilation ''Favorite Sounds of the World'' CD.{{sfn|Romero|2003}}{{sfn|World Music Central|2005}} That same year, N'Diaye Cheikh, a Mauritanian filmmaker, produced a documentary about her, entitled ''Malouma, diva des sables'' (Malouma, Diva of the Sands) with Mosaic Films, which won Best Documentary at the [[Festival international du film de quartier]] (FIFQ; [[Dakar, Senegal]]){{sfn|AfriCine|2013}} and a 2007 Prize of Distinction from [[Festival International de Programmes Audiovisuels]] (FIPA), held in [[Biarritz, France]].{{sfn|Africa Doc Network|2007}} She was a runner-up for the Middle East and North Africa in the 2008 [[BBC Radio 3 Awards for World Music]].{{sfn|BBC|2008}} The griot-artist community of Mauritania has also acclaimed her by calling her the "first true composer in Mauritania".{{sfn|Rush, ''et al.''|2004–2005|p=11}} |
Malouma was selected in 2003 by the jury as one of the World Music Expo ([[WOMEX]]) showcase artists{{sfn|Romero|2003}} and two years later she was selected by BBC musicologist [[Charlie Gillett]], for his 2005 selected compilation ''Favorite Sounds of the World'' CD.{{sfn|Romero|2003}}{{sfn|World Music Central|2005}} That same year, N'Diaye Cheikh, a Mauritanian filmmaker, produced a documentary about her, entitled ''Malouma, diva des sables'' (Malouma, Diva of the Sands) with Mosaic Films, which won Best Documentary at the [[Festival international du film de quartier]] (FIFQ; [[Dakar, Senegal]]){{sfn|AfriCine|2013}} and a 2007 Prize of Distinction from [[Festival International de Programmes Audiovisuels]] (FIPA), held in [[Biarritz, France]].{{sfn|Africa Doc Network|2007}} She was a runner-up for the Middle East and North Africa in the 2008 [[BBC Radio 3 Awards for World Music]].{{sfn|BBC|2008}} The griot-artist community of Mauritania has also acclaimed her by calling her the "first true composer in Mauritania".{{sfn|Rush, ''et al.''|2004–2005|p=11}} |
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Malouma was decorated in 2013 as a Chevalier of the [[Legion of Honour|Legion of Honor]] by the French ambassador, Hervé Besancenot, acting on behalf of President [[ |
Malouma was decorated in 2013 as a Chevalier of the [[Legion of Honour|Legion of Honor]] by the French ambassador, Hervé Besancenot, acting on behalf of President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] of France.{{sfn|Al Jazeera Encyclopedia|2014}}{{sfn|Mamady|2013}} On January 20, 2015, Malouma, Mauritania's "singer of the people and Senator", was honored by the [[United States Ambassador to Mauritania|American ambassador]], Larry André, at a lunch attended by notable leaders, especially women, from the country's civil society. Presenting Malouma with the Mauritanian Woman of Courage award, the ambassador noted her "exceptional courage and leadership in advocating human rights, women, gender equality and harmony amongst the cultural traditions of Mauritania".{{sfn|U.S. Department of State|2015}} |
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==Selected works== |
==Selected works== |
Version vom 12. Mai 2017, 08:41 Uhr
Vorlage:Good article Vorlage:Infobox person Malouma Mint El Meidah (Vorlage:Lang-ar, also simply Maalouma or Malouma (Vorlage:IPAc-en); born October 1, 1960) is a Mauritanian singer, songwriter and politician. Raised in the south-west of the country by parents versed in traditional Mauritanian music, she first performed when she was twelve, soon featuring in solo concerts. Her first song "Habibi Habeytou" harshly criticized the way in which women were treated by their husbands. Though an immediate success, it caused an outcry from the traditional ruling classes. After being forced into marriage while still a teenager, Malouma had to give up singing until 1986. She developed her own style combining traditional music with blues, jazz, and electro. Appearing on television with songs addressing highly controversial topics such as conjugal life, poverty and inequality, she was censored in Mauritania in the early 1990s but began to perform abroad by the end of the decade. After the ban was finally lifted, she relaunched her singing and recording career, gaining popularity, particularly among the younger generation. Her fourth album, Knou (2014), includes lyrics expressing her views on human rights and women's place in society.
Alongside her singing, Malouma has also fought to safeguard her country's music, urging the government to create a music school, forming her own foundation in support of musical heritage, and in 2014 creating her own music festival. She has also been active in politics since the 1990s, when she began to campaign for more democracy. She was elected a senator in 2007, the first politician in her caste, but was arrested the following year after a coup d'état. When elections were again held in 2009, she became a senator for the opposition Ech-Choura party where she was given special responsibilities for the environment. This led in 2011 to her appointment as the IUCN's Goodwill Ambassador for Central and West Africa. In December 2014, she announced she was moving from the opposition to join the ruling party, the Union for the Republic, where she felt she could be more effective in contributing to the country's progress. Her work has been recognized by the French, who decorated her as a Knight of the Legion of Honor, and the Americans, whose ambassador to Mauritania named her a Mauritanian Woman of Courage.
Early life
Malouma Mint Moktar Ould Meidah was born in Mederdra in the Trarza Region of south-western Mauritania, on October 1, 1960, the year the country gained independence from France.Vorlage:Sfn Born into a griot family,Vorlage:Sfn she grew up in the small desert village of Charatt, just south of Mederdra in West Africa.Vorlage:Sfn Her father, Mokhtar Ould Meidah, was a celebrated singer, tidinet player and poetVorlage:Sfn while her grandfather, Mohamed Yahya Ould Boubane, is remembered as a talented writer and tidinet virtuoso.Vorlage:Sfn Her mother also came from a family of well-known traditional singers.Vorlage:Sfn She taught her daughter to play the ardin, a ten-stringed harp traditionally played by women, when she was six.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
Malouma commenced her education at elementary school in 1965 in Mederdra. She qualified as an elementary school teacher in 1974 in Rosso. According to the traditions of her country, those of the Meidah family are required to carry on the art of their ancestors. As a result, she had to give up her aspirations to teach.Vorlage:Sfn Members of each caste are allowed only to marry other members of society within the same caste and the entire society is divided by castes politically, economically, and culturally. Movement outside of a particular caste is forbidden.Vorlage:Sfn She learned to play the traditional stringed instruments only women play, especially the ardin harp, and was taught traditional Mauritanian music by her father, who enjoyed an eclectic mix of music.Vorlage:Sfn As a result, she grew up listening to classical western works such as Beethoven, Chopin, Mozart,Vorlage:Sfn VivaldiVorlage:Sfn and Wagner, as well as the music of traditional Berber, Egyptian, Lebanese and Senegalese artists. She often accompanied her parents who sang traditional griots.Vorlage:Sfn
Malouma began singing as a child, first performed on the stage when she was twelve and began appearing in solo concerts with a traditional repertoire by age fifteen.Vorlage:Sfn In addition to her father's guidance, she was inspired by other traditional artists including Oum Kalthoum, Abdel Halim Hafez, Fairouz, Dimi and Sabah. As she matured, she increasingly became interested in blues music, which appealed to her as it bore a resemblance to the traditional music she knew.Vorlage:Sfn Malouma wrote her first song, "Habibi Habeytou" (My beloved, I loved him) when she was sixteen.Vorlage:Sfn It was a song protesting the tradition of men turning their wives out of their homes to marry younger women. It brought her instant recognition, but created a backlash, causing physical attacks from the established Muslim community.Vorlage:Sfn Soon after she wrote it, her family moved to Nouakchott, the capital, to help her launch her music career,Vorlage:Sfn but in the strongly traditional society, Malouma was forced to marry, abandoning singing until the late 1980s.Vorlage:Sfn She was later accused by her father of ruining his reputation. In addition to the criticisms stemming from her songs, she had disgraced her family by divorcing twice: her first husband had been forced upon her, while the second came from a noble family, who would not allow her to sing. Yet after hearing one of her songs, her father commented: "You have created something new and I find it touching. Unfortunately, I will not live long enough to be able to protect you."Vorlage:Sfn
Music career
Background
Malouma's first major appearance was in 1986, when she revealed her fusion style, combining traditional interpretations with more modern developments including blues, jazz, and electro.Vorlage:Sfn Her early songs "Habibi habeytou", "Cyam ezzaman tijri" and "Awdhu billah", which openly addressed love, conjugal life and the inequalities between men and women, contrasted strongly with what was considered acceptable in her home country. Nevertheless, they had strong popular appeal, especially for young women. Malouma carefully developed her approach, blending traditional themes with the rich repertoire and instrumentation of modern popular music.Vorlage:Sfn Typically, her compositions are based on the traditions of classical Arab poets, such as Al-Mutanabbi and Antarah ibn Shaddad, whose verses cover political criticism, personal sacrifice and support for the weak and oppressed.Vorlage:Sfn She has also drawn on traditional Mauritanian themes, modernizing both the lyrics and musical presentation.Vorlage:Sfn
From the beginning, Malouma sang in a variety of languages, including traditional Arabic, Hassania (Mauritanian Arabic), French and Wolof.Vorlage:Sfn By singing in various languages, she sought to air her message to a broader audience.Vorlage:Sfn It was not long before she appeared on television together with her sister, Emienh, and her brother, Arafat, an instrumentalist. Their style was controversial, especially after the release of her song "Habibi Habeytou" and a 1988 appearance at the Carthage Festival in Tunis, as she addressed social issues, such as poverty, inequality and disease which were not generally acceptable in Mauritania.Vorlage:Sfn Her participation in the Carthage event led to her subsequent appearance on Arab satellite channels, giving her greater exposure.Vorlage:Sfn Malouma became nationally known and was a sought after performer until a 1991 song about freedom of speech.Vorlage:Sfn After being censored for writing songs promoting women's rights and challenging apartheid,Vorlage:Sfn she was banned from appearing on television and radio, holding concerts, and was even denied a permanent address.Vorlage:Sfn She did not perform anywhere for a lengthy periodVorlage:Sfn but in the late 1990s she began to sing in other African countries,Vorlage:Sfn in Europe,Vorlage:Sfn and in the United States.Vorlage:Sfn While she won audiences among the people, Malouma was persecuted by both the moral authorities and authoritarian governments, her music being completely banned until 2003 when a crowd of 10,000 successfully called on President Ould Taya to cancel her censorship.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn Some restrictions still remained until the overthrow of the Ould Taya regime in 2005.Vorlage:Sfn
The traditional griots are songs of praise, but Malouma used her voice to speak out against child marriages, racial and ethnic discrimination, slavery and other divisive issues facing a country at the crossroads of the Arab world and Africa.Vorlage:Sfn She also sang about illiteracy, HIV/AIDS awareness and in support of children's vaccinations.Vorlage:Sfn
Albums and bands
Malouma's first album, Desert of Eden was released by Shanachie Records in 1998. When it was produced, she felt that the traditional elements were taken out during production, resulting in "bland electronic pop",Vorlage:Sfn though it received good reviews from JazzTimes.Vorlage:Sfn In the early 2000s, she began working with a group called the Sahel Hawl Blues made up of ten young Mauritian musicians of different ethnic origins (Moor, Fula, Toucouleur, Sonike, Wolof and Haratin), demonstrating her desire to overcome racial differences. In so doing, she was also able to extend music based on the traditional string instruments of the Moors to include the beat of the djembe, the darbouka, and the bendir frame drum. Led by Hadradmy Ould Meidah, the group supported her desire to modernize traditional music, making it more accessible to the wider world.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn They toured with her in 2004 and 2005Vorlage:Sfn and worked with her on her second album, Dunya (Life), which sought to reclaim her musical heritage. Produced by Marabi Records in 2003, the album contained twelve songs which blended harps, lutes and skin drums with electric guitar and bass, and traditional genres like serbat, which usually focuses on a single minor chord, with jazz.Vorlage:Sfn
Malouma's album, Nour (Light), was released in France on 8 March 2007 in celebration of International Women's Day.Vorlage:Sfn Produced by Marabi/Harmonia Mundi, it featured a broad mix of music from lullabies to dance music. Malouma's singing was supported by a group of fifteen studio musicians on a variety of electronic and traditional instruments.Vorlage:Sfn Reviews were mixed,Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn but the CD ranked as number 14 on the World Music Charts Europe by September 2007.Vorlage:Sfn After a hiatus from music to focus on politics, Malouma relaunched her musical career on October 5, 2014. Dressed in a blue toga, she presented her new album, Knou, at a special event, appearing on stage for the first time since her election seven years earlier.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn She chose to call it "Knou", which is the name of a dance usually performed by women in western Mauritania.Vorlage:Sfn The album focused on traditional dancing melodies,Vorlage:Sfn but bridged generations by adding modern twists. Weaving jazz, rock and reggae rhythms, into the traditional songs, it was well received.Vorlage:Sfn
Music festivals
Music festival appearances have been a large part of Malouma's career. The first time she participated in an international festival was in Carthage, Tunisia in 1988; her performance proved to be highly successful.Vorlage:Sfn Malouma returned to the stage in August 2003, appearing at the Festival des Musiques Métisses in Angoulême, France, combining traditional Moorish music with a more modern approach in numbers from her album Dunya. She was not only selected as "artiste de l'année" (artist of the year) but was nicknamed "Diva des Sables" (Diva of the Sands).Vorlage:Sfn Her success continued in October of the same year at the World Music Expo in Seville, Spain, where she was selected by the jury as a featured performer.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn One of the highlights of Angoulême's Festival des Musiques Métisses was her nostalgic rendering of "Mreïmida". The song proved equally popular in Mauritania at the 2004 Nouakchott Festival of Nomadic Music. She was finally permitted to take part after her ban had been lifted. She appeared there with another female Mauritanian star, Dimi Mint Abba, and was accompanied by the French pianist Jean-Philippe Rykiel on a synthesizer.Vorlage:Sfn
Malouma toured in the United States in 2005 with appearances in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Chicago, Illinois, Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, Lafayette, Louisiana (for the Festival International de Louisiane), before finishing in New York City.Vorlage:Sfn Two years later, Malouma participated in the 32nd Paléo Festival in Nyon, Switzerland, which focused on musicians from North Africa.Vorlage:Sfn She also appeared in the 2010 edition of the Førde International Folk Music Festival, held in Førde, Norway under the theme of "freedom and oppression".Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn At the 2012 Festival International des Arts de l’Ahaggar in Abalessa, Algeria, she was chosen as one of the three artists to perform in the grand finale, receiving acclaim for the balance of instrumentals and vocals, the composition, and her two back-up vocalists.Vorlage:Sfn Her 2013 performance at the World of Music, Arts and Dance Festival (WOMAD), held in Wiltshire, England included a "Taste The World" event where performers not only sang, but prepared a dish from their country. Malouma's lamb-filled pancakesVorlage:Sfn were a highlight of the festival presenting an up-front and personal encounter with the musician for the audience. Her second stage appearance at the event also brought praise for her rock-star performance embracing modern music.Vorlage:Sfn In 2014, Malouma participated in the Meeting of the Arts of the Arab World, a festival in Montpellier, France,Vorlage:Sfn as well as at the Parisian Festival Rhizomes.Vorlage:Sfn
Politics
Malouma, officially Malouma Meidah, first became politically active as a member of the opposition party in 1992, speaking out against dictatorships and in favor of democratization.Vorlage:Sfn In 2007, in what was widely considered the first freely held and fair election in the country,Vorlage:Sfn she was elected to the Senate of Mauritania,Vorlage:Sfn as one of the six women senators in a legislature of 56 members.Vorlage:Sfn She was the first person from the musician iggawen caste to serve in politics.Vorlage:Sfn Shortly after she was elected, a coup d'état took place in Mauritania in 2008 and deposed the first democratically elected head of state, Sidi Mohamed Ould Cheikh Abdallahi.Vorlage:Sfn Because she had written songs criticizing the coup, Malouma was arrested and over a thousand cassettes and CDs of her recordings were seized.Vorlage:Sfn After the coup, the leader, Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, allowed elections to proceed with only minor delays. He was elected president in July 2009 and the Senate elections in which one-third of the members faced re-election also were held.Vorlage:Sfn The parliamentary opposition group, called "Ech-Choura", of which Malouma was a member and served as the First Secretary,Vorlage:Sfn constituted 12 members of the 56-member Senate after the 2009 election.Vorlage:Sfn She also served on the Parliamentary Group for the EnvironmentVorlage:Sfn and as 2nd Secretary of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Armed Forces.Vorlage:Sfn
Malouma announced in April 2014 that she no longer felt she could keep up her political fight for democracy, although she would continue to support cultural and environmental causes.Vorlage:Sfn Even so, her Knou lyrics included allusions to her favorite political causes: equality and rights for all, women's place in society, and education for the young, all under threat, as well as environmental protection. Referring to her political role as a senator for the opposition party Assembly of Democratic Forces, in August 2014 she commented: "I use my presence and speaking time in the chamber to extend the effect of my texts and my songs. Whenever I run into ministers or important personalities, I tell them what the people expect of them."Vorlage:Sfn She has also continued to speak out about issues such as Palestine and the Iraqi War in her songs.Vorlage:Sfn At a press conference on December 16, 2014, Malouma announced she was leaving the opposition and joining the ruling party, the Union for the Republic, on the grounds that she could participate more effectively in building Mauritania by standing behind the policies of the current leader Aziz.Vorlage:Sfn
Environment and culture
In addition to her work in her music career and political activism, Malouma is involved in both environmental protection and cultural preservation projects.Vorlage:Sfn
Environmental activism
Malouma Mediah was involved in a project in 2009, to relocate 9,000 slum-dwelling families from the outskirts of the city into inner city neighborhoods. She insisted that for health reasons, improvements would first have to be made to the infrastructure.Vorlage:Sfn In August 2011, the International Union for Conservation of Nature appointed Malouma as Goodwill Ambassador for Central and West Africa. The position required her to raise awareness of environmental problems with a view to introducing sustainable solutions. On her appointment she commented: "I am delighted at the confidence that IUCN just placed in me. I am deeply honored. I will do my best to fulfill this great responsibility."Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn In September 2012, she performed in a concert given during the 2012 IUCN World Conservation Congress held on Jeju Island, South Korea.Vorlage:Sfn
Cultural preservation
As a result of the Mauritanian caste system, the development of traditional music in Mauritania has been supported by just a few families, threatened by a closed culture in which there are limited opportunities for support. As families have no means of preserving their music, or recording it, their creations are often forgotten owing to the absence of family members interested in ensuring their survival. The situation has been compounded by rules forbidding their support from outside the family environment.Vorlage:Sfn Concerned that the musical traditions of the country were vanishing,Vorlage:Sfn in 2006, Malouma urged the government to create a school to preserve the country's music heritage, even introducing a measure to Parliament.Vorlage:Sfn In 2011, she created the Malouma Foundation in support of the preservation of the national musical heritage.Vorlage:Sfn The foundation aims to protect and preserve the Arab, African, and Berber roots of music in Mauritania and, to that end, is collecting and storing music from throughout the country to both preserve it and make it available for other uses, including education.Vorlage:Sfn Long concerned that the Moorish music traditions of her country were being replaced by the Malian and Moroccan music preferred by younger people,Vorlage:Sfn in 2014, she created a Mauritanian Music Festival.Vorlage:Sfn
When she produced Nour in 2007, Malouma collaborated with the painter, Sidi Yahia, hoping to create visual images to illustrate the songs in the album. Eleven paintings resulted from the joint ventureVorlage:Sfn and Malouma and Yahia presented cultural discussions about their works titled "Regarder la musique, écouter la peinture?" (Watch the music, listen to the painting?) In 2013 a month-long exhibit was presented to showcase the paintings and the music which inspired them at a gallery in Nouakchott.Vorlage:Sfn In 2015, after receiving a grant from the Arab Culture Fund, Malouma convinced musicians to collaborate with artists when recording their music. The project aimed at collecting music from six artists and producing an album of their works. Malouma has continued to press for the establishment of a music school, though it would require overcoming taboos on family restrictions in regard to musical legacy.Vorlage:Sfn
Awards and recognition
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Malouma_Lunch_1.jpg/220px-Malouma_Lunch_1.jpg)
Malouma was selected in 2003 by the jury as one of the World Music Expo (WOMEX) showcase artistsVorlage:Sfn and two years later she was selected by BBC musicologist Charlie Gillett, for his 2005 selected compilation Favorite Sounds of the World CD.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn That same year, N'Diaye Cheikh, a Mauritanian filmmaker, produced a documentary about her, entitled Malouma, diva des sables (Malouma, Diva of the Sands) with Mosaic Films, which won Best Documentary at the Festival international du film de quartier (FIFQ; Dakar, Senegal)Vorlage:Sfn and a 2007 Prize of Distinction from Festival International de Programmes Audiovisuels (FIPA), held in Biarritz, France.Vorlage:Sfn She was a runner-up for the Middle East and North Africa in the 2008 BBC Radio 3 Awards for World Music.Vorlage:Sfn The griot-artist community of Mauritania has also acclaimed her by calling her the "first true composer in Mauritania".Vorlage:Sfn
Malouma was decorated in 2013 as a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by the French ambassador, Hervé Besancenot, acting on behalf of President Nicolas Sarkozy of France.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn On January 20, 2015, Malouma, Mauritania's "singer of the people and Senator", was honored by the American ambassador, Larry André, at a lunch attended by notable leaders, especially women, from the country's civil society. Presenting Malouma with the Mauritanian Woman of Courage award, the ambassador noted her "exceptional courage and leadership in advocating human rights, women, gender equality and harmony amongst the cultural traditions of Mauritania".Vorlage:Sfn
Selected works
- 1998, Desert of Eden (album), a mix of West-African and Arabic-Berber sounds, released in the WestVorlage:Sfn
- 2003, Dunya (Life), 12-track album, recorded on the Marabi label in Nouakchott; a mix of blues, rock, and traditional melodies from southern Mauritanian and Indo-Pakistani, all sung in Hassaniya ArabicVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
- 2007, Nour (Light), 12-track album, recorded on the Marabi label during her stay in Angloulême in 2003 with the support of festival organizer Christian Mousset; a collection of dance beats featuring electric guitars but without the traditional instruments of the MoorsVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
- 2008, Malouma received accolades for her blues song "Yarab" on the album Desert Blues 3—Entre Dunes Et Savanes released by Network MedienVorlage:Sfn
- 2009, Malouma was a featured composer and vocalist on two songs, "Missy Nouakchott"Vorlage:Sfn and "Sable Émouvant"Vorlage:Sfn on the 2009 Ping Kong album by DuOudVorlage:Sfn
- 2014, Knou (album), a collection of ethno-pop tunes woven through with traditional tidinit lute and ardin harp instrumentsVorlage:Sfn
See also
References
Citations
Sources
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- Vorlage:Cite report
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- Angel Romero: Mauritania's Malouma Presents Free African Rhythms & Arabic Lyrics Workshop in Boston In: World Music Central, 25 March 2005. Abgerufen im 20 January 2016
- Omari Rush, Michelle Lin, Erika Nelson, Rowyn Baker, Ben Johnson: Malouma and the Sahel Hawl Blues: Teacher Resource Guide. In: UMS Youth Education. University Musical Society, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (ums.org [PDF; abgerufen am 16. Januar 2016]).
- Mark Schulman: 2014 IUCN annual report. IUCN, 2015, ISBN 978-2-8317-1725-8 (google.com).
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- Catherine Taine-Cheikh: Les chansons de Malouma, entre tradition, world music et engagement politique. In: Quaderni di Semistica. 28. Jahrgang. Dipartimento de Linguistica, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy 2012, S. 337–362 (französisch, archives-ouvertes.fr [abgerufen am 20. Januar 2016]).
- Phuong Tran: Mauritanian Singer Tackles Social Problems in Legislature, Voice of America, 7 August 2007. Abgerufen im 17 January 2016
- Josef Woodard: Spheres. In: Jazz Times. JazzTimes, Inc., Silver Spring, Maryland Mai 1998 (google.com).
- Singer of the People In: African Business, October 2003. Abgerufen im 16 January 2016
- Malouma, diva des sables. Africa Doc Network, 2007, abgerufen am 20. Januar 2016.
- N'diaye Cheikh. AfriCine, 2013, abgerufen am 20. Januar 2016.
- المعلومة بنت الميداح.. ألحان الفن وأحلام السياسة In: Al Jazeera, Al Jazeera Encyclopedia, 12 February 2014. Abgerufen im 16 January 2016 (arabic).
- Missy Nouakchott. AllMusic, abgerufen am 19. Januar 2016.
- Sable Émouvant. AllMusic, abgerufen am 19. Januar 2016.
- BBC Radio 3: Awards World Music '08. BBC, 2008, abgerufen am 20. Januar 2016.
- Festival Arabesques: Malouma, la grande dame d’Arabesques, Carrefour de la République Islamique de Mauritanie Communication, 20 May 2014. Abgerufen im 20 January 2016 (french).
- Mauritania:Freedom in the World 2009. Freedom House, 2009, abgerufen am 17. Januar 2016.
- Mauritania: City versus slum. Integrated Regional Information Networks, 31. März 2009, abgerufen am 18. Januar 2016.
- Mauritania: Majlis Al-Chouyoukh (Senate). Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2011, abgerufen am 17. Januar 2016 (französisch).
- Highlights: World Conservation Congress, Jeju 2012. IUCN, September 2012, abgerufen am 16. Januar 2016.
- Fridom og undertrykking i Førde. Landssamanslutninga av nynorskkommunar, 5. Juli 2010, abgerufen am 20. Januar 2016 (norwegisch).
- Library of Congress: DuOud (Musical group) prf. Library of Congress, abgerufen am 19. Januar 2016.
- Atmosphere. Mondomix, 24. Oktober 2003, abgerufen am 20. Januar 2016.
- 2007 Paléo Festival Nyon. Paléo Festival Nyon, 2007, abgerufen am 20. Januar 2016.
- Malouma, Bambino et Tinariwen pour un final en apothéose, Presse-Algerie, 20 February 2012. Abgerufen im 20 January 2016 (french).
- Groupe Ech-choura. Sénat Mauritanien, 2009, abgerufen am 17. Januar 2016 (französisch).
- Groupe parlementaire pour l’environnement. Sénat Mauritanien, 2009, abgerufen am 17. Januar 2016 (französisch).
- Commission des Affaires étrangères, de la défense et des Forces Armées. Sénat Mauritanien, 2009, abgerufen am 17. Januar 2016 (französisch).
- U.S. Department of State: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009. Volume I: Africa, East Asia and the Pacific. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 2012, GGKEY:EXCA0EGBR49 (google.com).
- Press Release on the 2015 Mauritanian Woman of Courage Award, U.S. Department of State, 20 January 2015. Abgerufen im 16 January 2016
- Malouma Mint Meidah présente "Knou", son troisième album. WikiTV (YouTube), 6. Oktober 2014, abgerufen am 17. Januar 2016 (französisch).
- Charlie Gillett Introduces His Favorite Sounds of the World on 2 CDs. World Music Central, 17. Oktober 2005, abgerufen am 18. Januar 2016.
- WOMEX Announces Top 15 World Music CDs of the Year, World Music Central, 7 September 2007. Abgerufen im 19 January 2016
- Interview with Mauritanian Griot Malouma, World Music Central, 7 July 2010. Abgerufen im 20 January 2016
- Malouma mint Meidah et Sidi Yahya. 2009, abgerufen am 23. Januar 2016 (französisch).
External links
- Malouma in concert (video)
- Malouma, profile and interview (video)
- Fondation Malouma (in French)
- Malouma, Mauritania's Biggest Musical Export (2010 audio produced by Global Notes)
- Paintings created by Sidi Yahya to illustrate Malouma's album Knou