Mary Starke Harper

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Mary Starke Harper (* 6. September 1919 in Fort Mitchell, Alabama; † 27. Juli 2006 in Columbus, Ohio) war eine afroamerikanische Registered Nurse (Krankenschwester) die sowohl in der praktischen Pflege, als auch in der Pflegeforschung und der Gesundheitspolitik tätig war. Sie arbeitete viele Jahre für das Kriegsveteranenministerium der Vereinigten Staaten und führte klinische Forschungen zur gerontopsychiatisch betroffenen Bevölkerung und der Gesundheit von Minderheiten durch. In 1972 entwickelte Harper das Stipedienprogramm für Minderheiten am National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Sie diente in vier präsidialen Beraterstäben zu den Themen psychischer Gesundheit und Gesundheitsreform. Für ihre Tätigkeit wurde Harper vielfach ausgezeichnet und publizierte über 180 Veröffentlichungen.

Kindheit und Jugend

Mary Starke Harper wurde am 6. September 1919 in Fort Mitchell (Alabama) als ältestes von sieben Kindern geboren. Die Familie zog später nach Phenix City[1] Als Kind hatte Harper Freude am Lesen und lernen, außerdem züchtete sie Mäuse um sie an Labore und Krankenhäuser zu verkaufen.[2] Obwohl ihre Eltern wollten, dass Harper sich als Hausfrau niederlassen sollte, entschied sie sich zu eine Studium der Betriebswirtschft am afroamerikanische Tuskegee Institute.[2] Ihr Vater starb noch während Harper im College war, daraufhin wechselte sie ihr Studienfach und begann ein Pflegestudium.[3] Sie wurde danach die Privatpflegerin von George Washington Carver ehe er 1943 starb.[3]

Ausbildung

Harper besuchte das Tuskegee Institute und bekam 1941 ihr Pflegediplom.[1] Sie besuchte in den späten 1940er Jahren noch verschiedene Bachelor-Programme. Die University of Alabama wies Harpers Bewerbung aufgrund ihrer Hautfarbe zurück, also beschloß sie stattdessen die University of Minnesota zu besuchen. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt hatte dort noch keine schwarze Frau von einem ihrer Programme graduiert.[4][5] 1950 schloß Harper ihr Studium dort mit einem Bachelor in Bildung ab, 1952 folgte ihr Master in Pflegebildung und pädagogischer Psychologie.[1][5][6] 1963 erhielt sie an der St. Louis University ihren Doktortitel in medizinischer Soziologie und klinischer Psychologie.[1][6]

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

When Harper 19-years-old and enrolled at Tuskegee Institute earning her diploma in nursing, she volunteered at the “Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male.” [1][7] As a young nurse, she did not know the extent of the study or that several of her patients were denied treatment.[3][5] In 2003, approximately 60 years later, Harper recounted, “I was very angry that they had me, a black person, doing something bad to black men.” [3][1] She claimed her involvement in the study sparked her interest in the treatment of minority populations.[1][2] This experience prompted her to become an advocate for minority health care for both geriatric and psychiatric populations.[2] Later, she assumed a teaching role and trained minority patients about informed consent and the importance of asking questions about research before agreeing to participate.[1]

Veterans Administration Hospital employment

After earning her nursing license, Harper began working as a registered nurse at the Tuskegee Veterans Administration Hospital.[2] She spent over thirty years working with the Department of Veterans Affairs over her career.[8][1] She moved every few years to a new hospital under the Veterans Affairs headquarters.[4] In total, Harper moved nine times.[4] In 1952, Harper became the nursing director at the VA in Tuskegee.[1] Through these years as a bedside nurse, she cared for patients with chronic, debilitating mental illnesses.[2] She developed hospital wide initiatives to engage family members in patient care and normalize patient admission stays by allowing street clothing, diet adjustments and altered medication regimens.[2] Harper later worked at VA hospitals in Michigan, New York, Ohio, and Missouri conducting clinical research and educating staff about treatment program improvements.[1][2]

Family life

In 1943, Mary Starke Harper married Willie F. Harper at the age of 24. They had one daughter, Billye Louise Harper, in 1944.[3] As Harper moved to different cities as a result of her research, she prioritized her family.[4] She had two requirements for the moves: that her husband be offered a job comparable to the one he would be leaving and that the time frame coincided with the end of her daughter's school year.[4] Her husband, Willie, died in 1963 and her daughter, Billye, also died in 1969 at the age of 25.[3][9] Later, Harper's sister passed away and from 1972 to 1998, Harper moved to Washington, DC to raise her sister's three sons and care for her elderly mother.[3][7][9]

Geriatric psychiatric research and accomplishments

Harper began her clinical research career learning about the elderly population.[3] She was a member of several professional organizations including the American Psychological Association and the Society of Clinical Geropsychology.[9] In 1982, she attended the World Assembly on Aging in Vienna and presented her research on long-term care for the elderly.[6][5] She found that often, elderly patients had mental illnesses that went undiagnosed.[3] These patients were at risk for being improperly treated in institutional homes.[3] Harper noted that overmedication and drug interactions posed significant problems for this population.[3] In 2003, she shifted the focus of her research to caregiver burden.[3] Even though family members provided 90% of long-term care for elderly patients, Harper realized there was no organized system in place to support those families.[3]

As an African American nurse, Harper was a pioneer researcher investigating health disparities within racial and ethnic minorities and exposing the failures of the health system.[2] Tuskegee University developed an endowed chair in geropsychiatric nursing in Harper's name.[10] Additionally, in 2001, hospital administration in Tuscaloosa, Alabama named the Mary Starke Harper Geriatric Psychiatric Center in her honor.[10][9] This hospital contained 126 beds to care for the mentally ill elderly population.[9]

National Institute of Mental Health Minority Fellowship Program

After working as a clinical nurse, Harper joined the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 1972.[3] Over the following years, she earned a senior position.[6] With the NIMH, Harper established research and development centers throughout the country dedicated to mental health research and improvement.[10] She organized the NIH Minority Fellowship Program in 1972.[3] Harper claimed her primary reason for implementing the fellowship program was her involvement in the Tuskegee project.[3] Since its development in the 1970s, the program has educated over 12,000 doctors, scientists, nurses, psychologists, social workers and other health professionals.[3][10][1][9]

Health policy involvement

Harper worked 28 years for the US Department of Health and Human Services.[8] With her knowledge of mental health and aging, she served as a consultant in all 50 states of the US, most US territories, and 21 countries.[6] She served on White House advisory panels during four presidential administrations: Clinton, Reagan, Bush and Carter.[3] In these roles, she consulted with the National Institute of Health (NIH), the National Mental Health Association, Johnson & Johnson drug manufacturers, and the Rosalynn Carter Institute for Caregiving, among others.[3] From 1979-1981, during President Carter's administration, Harper was the director of the Office of Policy Development and Research for White House Conference on Aging.[2][4] At this time, she was the first woman to hold this title.[4] She continued to serve as director through Reagan and Bush's presidencies.[4] When President Clinton came into office, Harper was instrumental in the development of the Clinton Mental Health and Public Sector Task Force for Health Care Reform.[4][9] In 1995, she served as a consultant for the White House Conference on Aging.[9]

Research

Mary Starke Harper's research focused on geriatric and psychiatric nursing.[5] She studied depression, delirium, Alzheimer's, suicide, and overmedication in the elderly.[5] Harper noticed that elderly patients were often over-prescribed medications and this impacted their health both clinically and socially.[5] She also studied the elderly population living alone and how chronic diseases impact lifestyles.[5] Within the psychiatric research scope, Harper focused on mental health, substance abuse, schizophrenia, and healthcare in prisons.[5] Additionally she studied recidivism within these populations.[6] Harper recognized that patients returning to the hospital for multiple admissions were a failure on behalf of the health system and treatment plan.[6] A hallmark of her research was incorporating family members into the treatment plan.[4] She also studied minorities in healthcare and ethical issues surrounding disparities in minority populations.[5]

Publications

Harper wrote more than 180 journal articles and five books with regards to her research.[3][10][5] The bulk of her publications occurred between 1972–1988.[5] Her papers are stored at the University of Pennsylvania[11]

Awards and honors

Mary Starke Harper earned numerous awards in her time as nurse and researcher.[12][10][13] The Tuskegee Institute recognized Harper as Best All Around Nurse, Scholastically and Clinically.[12] In 1963, she earned the Federal Nursing Service Award from the Association of Military Surgeons of the US.[12] The Veterans Affairs awarded Harper the Surgeon General's Medal of Honor twice for her patient advocacy.[10] In 1966, Harper was inducted into Chi Eta Phi Sorority and recognized for her outstanding achievements.[12] In 1970, the Tuskegee Institute selected Harper to receive the Alumni Merit Award.[12] In 2001, Harper won the Living Legacy Award in Aging from the American Academy of Nursing.[13][1] At the ANA convention, she received the Mary Mahoney Award which commended a nurse who advanced equal opportunities for minority groups.[12]

Later years

Mary Starke Harper lived in Washington, D.C. until 1998 before moving back to Columbus, Georgia.[3] She died of cancer on July 27, 2006.[13] She was 86 years old.[13][13][5] Her papers can be found at the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing at the University of Pennsylvania.[5]

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Dennis McLellan: Mary S. Harper, 86; Expert on Mental Health, Aging Lamented Role in Tuskegee Syphilis Study Los Angeles Times, 15. August 2006, ISSN 0458-3035 (englisch) abgerufen am 21. Juli 2020
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Minority Nurse Magazine: [1] Mental Health Nursing Trailblazer Dr. Mary Starke Harper Passes Away] Issue Archive vom 30. März 2013 (englisch) abgerufen am 21. Juli 2020
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Matt Schudel: Mary Harper; Leader in Minority Health Washington Post vom 5. August 2006, ISSN 0190-8286 (englisch) abgerufen am 21. Juli 2020
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Ellen Berg: Key Figure in NIMH Minority Fellowship Program Retires: Mary Starke Harper Sociologist Extraordinairein American Sociological Association vom Februar 1995, Ausgabe 23, S.3 (englisch)
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mary Starke Harper papers, 1972-1988. In: dla.library.upenn.edu. Abgerufen am 10. April 2018 (englisch).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Journal of Psychosocial Nursing: Meet Mary Harper 1993, Band 31 Ausgabe 8
  7. ↑ a b Debra A Santo-Novak, Kathy R Grissom, Richard E Powers: Mary Starke Harper "I Love Doing the Impossible". In: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 27. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 1. Februar 2001, ISSN 0098-9134, S. 12–14, doi:10.3928/0098-9134-20010201-09, PMID 11915261 (englisch).
  8. ↑ a b Mary Harper: Panel 3. In: Women's Health Issues. 11. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 2001, S. 50–55, doi:10.1016/s1049-3867(00)00087-6, PMID 11166601.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h George Niederehe: Mary Starke Harper (1919-2006). In: American Psychologist. 62. Jahrgang, Nr. 9, 2007, S. 1071, doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.9.1071 (englisch).
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g Dr. Mary Harper | Capstone College of Nursing - The University of Alabama. In: nursing.ua.edu. Abgerufen am 10. April 2018 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  11. ↑ Mary Starke Harper papers, 1972-1988. In: dla.library.upenn.edu. Abgerufen am 20. Februar 2020.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f Outstanding nurses honored at ANA Convention in Hawaii. In: AORN Journal. 28. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 1. September 1978, ISSN 1878-0369, S. 416–417, doi:10.1016/s0001-2092(07)61633-0 (englisch).
  13. ↑ a b c d e Faculty NOTES. In: Nursing Education Perspectives. 27. Jahrgang, Nr. 5, September 2006, ISSN 1536-5026, S. 281 (amerikanisches Englisch, lww.com).

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[[Category:1919 births]] [[Category:2006 deaths]] [[Category:People from Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Deaths from cancer in Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:Tuskegee University alumni]] [[Category:People from Russell County, Alabama]] [[Category:People from Columbus, Georgia]] [[Category:African-American nurses]] [[Category:American nurses]] [[Category:American women nurses]] [[Category:United States Department of Veterans Affairs officials]] [[Category:Saint Louis University alumni]] [[Category:University of Minnesota alumni]]

Quelle: https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Starke_Harper&oldid=202081598