„Enteignung der Armenier in der Türkei“ – Versionsunterschied

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=== Confiscation during the Turkish Republic ===
=== Confiscation during the Turkish Republic ===
The [[Turkish War of Independence]] lead to the founding of the [[Republic of Turkey]] in 1923, but confiscations continued because more Armenians had been either deported or killed.
The [[Turkish War of Independence]] lead to the founding of the [[Republic of Turkey]] in 1923, but confiscations continued because more Armenians had been either deported or killed.

On 15 April 1923, just before the signature of the [[Treaty of Laussane]], a law entitled "Law of Abandoned Properties" subsequently confiscated the properties of all Armenians who were absent, whatever the date, the motive or the circumstances of the departure, and refused the validity of any power-of-attorney provided by an absentee.<ref>Gidel, Lapradelle (1929). ''Le Fur''. Confiscation des Biens des Refugies Armeniens par le Gouvernement Turc, pp. 87-90 (French)</ref>

In anticipation of entry into [[World War II]], the Turkish government levied a capital tax, the [[Varlik Vergisi]], which disproportionately affected Turkey's non-Muslim residents. As a result of non-payment of the tax,<ref name="Varlik Vergisi">{{cite web|title=Varlik vergisi (asset tax) - one of the many black chapters of Turkish history...|url=http://www.acsatv.com/index.php?sid=3&usid=24&aID=403|work=Assyrian Chaldean Syriac Association|accessdate=14 October 2011}}</ref> the Turkish government collected 324 million [[Turkish lira|lira]]s ([[United States dollar|$]]270 million at the time) through the confiscation of non-Muslim assets.<ref name="Varlik Vergisi">{{cite web|title=Varlik Vergisi (asset tax) - one of the many black chapters of Turkish history...|url=http://www.acsatv.com/index.php?sid=3&usid=24&aID=403|work=Assyrian Chaldean Syriac Association|accessdate=14 October 2011}}</ref>
In anticipation of entry into [[World War II]], the Turkish government levied a capital tax, the [[Varlik Vergisi]], which disproportionately affected Turkey's non-Muslim residents. As a result of non-payment of the tax,<ref name="Varlik Vergisi">{{cite web|title=Varlik vergisi (asset tax) - one of the many black chapters of Turkish history...|url=http://www.acsatv.com/index.php?sid=3&usid=24&aID=403|work=Assyrian Chaldean Syriac Association|accessdate=14 October 2011}}</ref> the Turkish government collected 324 million [[Turkish lira|lira]]s ([[United States dollar|$]]270 million at the time) through the confiscation of non-Muslim assets.<ref name="Varlik Vergisi">{{cite web|title=Varlik Vergisi (asset tax) - one of the many black chapters of Turkish history...|url=http://www.acsatv.com/index.php?sid=3&usid=24&aID=403|work=Assyrian Chaldean Syriac Association|accessdate=14 October 2011}}</ref>


Version vom 22. Februar 2013, 11:16 Uhr

Datei:Armenianagopcemetery.jpg
Pangaltı Armenian Cemetery in Istanbul. Since confiscation in the 1930s it has become the site of the Divan Hotel, Hilton Hotel, Hyatt Regency Hotel and TRT Radio Buildings.

The Confiscation of Armenian properties by the Ottoman and Turkish governments involved seizure of the assets, properties and land of the Armenian community of Turkey.[1]

The Hrant Dink Foundation states that 661 properties in Istanbul were confiscated by the Turkish government, leaving only 580 of the 1,328 properties owned by the 53 Armenian foundations (schools, churches, hospitals, etc.). Subsequently 143 (21.6%) have been returned.

History

Confiscation as part of the Armenian Genocide

Srpuhi Mayrabed Nshan Kalfayan. Founder of the Kalfayan order, the professional school for girls and the Kalfayan orphanage that was confiscated and demolished.

On 16 May 1915, while the Armenian Genocide was underway, an edict was promulgated which ordered that the "administrative instruction regarding movable and immovable property abandoned by Armenians deported as a result of the war and the unusual political circumstances."[2][3][4][5] The law made provisions for the formation of special committees who would prepare lists and reports of all property "abandoned" and place such property in safe custody in the name of the deportees.[2] Perishable goods and animals were to be sold and the sum deposited in the name of the owners. It was further provided that Turkish refugees (mainly from the Balkan wars) were to be settled in the Armenian homes and on Armenian lands.[2] Land and houses given to the refugees were to be registered. Farms, olive groves, houses, vineyards were to be distributed to the refugees. Such buildings not wanted by the refugees were to be sold through public auction.

On 29 May 1915, the CUP Central Committee passed the Tehcir Law authorizing the deportation of persons judged to be a threat to national security.[6]:186–8

Another law promulgated on 13 September 1915 named the "Temporary Law of Expropriation and Confiscation" ("Abandoned Properties" Law), stated that all property, including land, livestock and homes belonging to Armenians, could be confiscated by the authorities.[1][7] The law made a detailed provision as to how claims could be registered and executed against "abandoned" Armenian property.[8] This was opposed by the Ottoman parliamentary representative Ahmed Riza:

Vorlage:Cquote

Confiscation during the Turkish Republic

The Turkish War of Independence lead to the founding of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, but confiscations continued because more Armenians had been either deported or killed.

On 15 April 1923, just before the signature of the Treaty of Laussane, a law entitled "Law of Abandoned Properties" subsequently confiscated the properties of all Armenians who were absent, whatever the date, the motive or the circumstances of the departure, and refused the validity of any power-of-attorney provided by an absentee.[9]

In anticipation of entry into World War II, the Turkish government levied a capital tax, the Varlik Vergisi, which disproportionately affected Turkey's non-Muslim residents. As a result of non-payment of the tax,[10] the Turkish government collected 324 million liras ($270 million at the time) through the confiscation of non-Muslim assets.[10]

In 1974 new legislation stated that non-Muslim trusts could not own more property than that which had been registered under their name in 1936.[11][12][13][14] As a result, more than 1,400 assets of the charitable foundations of the Istanbul Armenian community since 1936 were retrospectively classified as illegal acquisitions and seized by the state.[13][15] These properties included churches, schools, residential buildings, hospitals, summer camps, cemeteries, and orphanages.

On June 15, 2011 The United States House Foreign Affairs Committee voted 43 to one in support of a resolution (House Resolution 306) that calls upon the Republic of Turkey "to safeguard its Christian heritage and to return confiscated church properties".[16][17]

Contemporary analysis

Vorlage:Pie chart

The Hrant Dink foundation states that 661 properties in Istanbul were confiscated by the Turkish government, leaving only 580 of the 1,328 properties owned by the 53 Armenian foundations (schools, churches, hospitals, etc.). The fate of the remaining 87 could not be determined.[18][19][20] Out of the 661 confiscated properties, 143 (21.6%) have been returned to the Armenian foundation.[18][19][20][21]

The Hrant Dink foundation researched confiscations and now provides descriptions, photographs and boundary lines on its interactive mapping resource.[22][1]

Confiscated assets of Armenian institutions

Immovable Asset (Real estate) by category Quantity Percentage Notes
conveyed to third parties 251 18.90%
returned to original ownership 143 10.77% e.g. Surp Prgich Armenian Hospital, Sanasarian Foundation
non-existent parcels of real estate 78 5.87% e.g. Kalfayan Orphanage and Pangalti Armenian Cemetery -
no trace of the buildings or structure remain.
conveyed to the Municipality 64 4.82%
conveyed to the Directorate General of Foundations (VGM) 51 3.84% 'Vakif Genel Mudurlugu' is a government organization that
returns confiscated assets to the original owners.[23]
conveyed to the treasury 31 2.33%
designated as public property 23 1.73%
unassigned ownership 20 1.51%
: Total confiscated assets ? 661 49.77%
owned by Armenian foundations 497 37.42%
sold by Armenian foundations 83 6.25%
: Total unconfiscated assets ? 580 43.67%
Immovable assets of indeterminate status 87 6.55%
: Properties originally owned by the 53 Armenian foundations
: (schools, churches, hospitals, etc.). 		1,328 100%

Vorlage:Clear

Notable confiscations

Name Confiscation Current status
Mkhitaryan Bomonti Armenian School In 1979 the State Charitable Foundations Directorate confiscated the Armenian School, stating that the new building was illegal because the school was not listed in the 1936 Declaration. The property was returned to the original owners whose heirs sold it to Militas Construction Company who closed it.[18][24][25] In November 2012, after numerous legal proceedings, the property was returned to the Armenian community.[18][24]
Tuzla Armenian Children's Camp The Gedikpaşa Church Foundation wanted to purchase the property but in 1979 the State Charitable Foundations Directorate applied in court for its return to the previous owner.[24] It was confiscated in 1983 and closed down in 1984.[26] The property has changed ownership five times since closure but nothing has been built on the derelict site.[26] In 2001 the property was purchased by a businessman to build a house. When he was advised by the journalist Hrant Dink that it had belonged to an orphanage he offered to donate it back but the law did not permit it.[27]
In 2007 the new Foundation law was vetoed by President Ahmet Necdet Sezer.[27]
The Gedikpaşa Church Foundation has filed several unsuccessful cases, the most recent being in August 2011.[18][28]
Kalfayan Orphanage The Orphanage School was founded by Srpuhi Kalfayan in 1865.
It was expropriated and demolished in the 1960s to make way for infrastructure developments.
An attempt to rebuild the orphanage in another location was deemed illegal under the 1974 law.[29]		 The Orphanage School was forced to move to Uskudar where it is part of the Semerciyan School Premises.[29]
Pangaltı Armenian Cemetery In 1865 cholera forced the Ottoman government to ban burials at the Pangaltı cemetery and move them to the Şişli Armenian Cemetery.[30]
In the 1930s the Pangaltı cemetery was confiscated and demolished.[31]
The site has been redeveloped with the Divan Hotel, Hilton Hotel, Hyatt Regency Hotel and TRT Radio Buildings.[32] The marble tombstones were sold in 1939 and used for the construction of the Inonu Gezi Park and the Eminonu square.[31]		 In 1932 Mesrob Naroyan, the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople, filed a lawsuit for the return of the property,[33] but the Istanbul Municipality argued that he had been a legal non-entity in Turkey since his exile during the Armenian Genocide. Therefore he had no title to the land, even though he still functioned at the Kumkapi headquarters in Istanbul.[33][34]
The Patriarchate acknowledged the lack of title, but argued legitimacy to represent the cemetery on behalf of both the Armenian Catholic Community and the Surp Agop Armenian Hospital.[34]
The commission to investigate land ownership found the Patriarch's claims groundless, so title remains with the Istanbul municipality and the third party owners.[33][34]
Selamet Han The Selamet Han, located in the Eminonu district of Istanbul, was built by architect Hovsep Aznavur and donated to the Surp Prgich Armenian Hospital by businessman Calouste Gulbenkian in 1954.[35]
The property was confiscated in 1974.[36]		 In February 2011, the Selamet Han was returned to the Surp Prgich Armenian Hospital.[36]
The director of the hospital, Bedros Sirinoglu, declared that the badly damaged building will be repaired and turned into a boutique hotel.[35][36]
Kasimpasa Surp Hagop Armenian Church and Surp Mesrobyan School The Church was built in 1854 and the school in 1859 on property that the Armenian community had held for decades.[37] On May 9, 1919 a fire destroyed both the Church and the school.[37] On May 3, 1973, the State Charitable Foundations Directorate seized the property.[37] The Church and School have been replaced by domestic residences.[37] No civil suits have been filed.
Properties of Surp Prgich Armenian Hospital In 1832 Harutyun Bezciyan built the Surp Prgich Armenian Hospital in the Yedikule district of Istanbul. It owned 19 properties that were confiscated, including :[35][38][39][40]
  • a building lot;
  • a house and four shared lots in Sariyer;
  • a residential building in Moda;
  • 2 residential buildings in Şişli;
  • one flat in Beyoglu;
  • a store in Kapalıçarşı;
  • a house in Uskudar;
  • one apartment building, one flat and a warehouse in Kurtuluş;
  • a four storey hotel in Taksim;
  • a retail and office commercial building in Beyoglu;
  • an apartment flat in Çamlica;
  • a 47,500 sq. m. vacant lot in Beykoz;
  • 44,000 sq. m. land adjacent to the Hospital, formerly the gardens of the Hospital, presently used as Zeytinburnu Stadium (confiscated by the Zeytinburnu Municipality in 1985);
  • a sports building;
  • a parking lot;
  • a tea garden.
 In February 2011 after the successful acquisition of the Selamet Han, Bedros Sirinoglu, the president of the hospital, vowed to re-acquire all 19 properties.[35] The hospital appealed to an Istanbul court which ruled in its favour by imposing an interim injunction on the 43,160 sq. m. estate (currently the Zeytinburnu Stadium) and the hospital.[35][40]
Sirinoglu has announced that the hospital has already received affirmative responses regarding seven of the 19 properties requested.[35]
Ohannes Kasabian Estate.
Çankaya Köşkü Presidential palace		 The Çankaya Villa and vineyard in Ankara belonged to Ohannes Kasabian, a wealthy Armenian jeweller and merchant, until the Armenian Genocide.[41][42][43]
After the Kasabian family escaped from Ankara to Istanbul it was confiscated and occupied by the Bulgurluzâde family.[41][42]
In 1921 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the future President, purchased it from Bulgurluzâde Tevfik Efendi for 4,500 Turkish lira.[43][44][45]
No civil suits have been filed.
Incirlik Air Base
Claims of Rita Mahdessian, Alex Bakalian and Anais Haroutunian.		 The land on which the Incirlik Air Base is built was owned by Armenians who died in the Armenian Genocide.
In 2010 three Armenian Americans, who claim to have deeds ownership, sought compensation for Vorlage:Convert of the land.[46][47] One claimant states that in 1923, after the genocide, the land was seized by the Bank of Agriculture.[48]		 A U.S.A. court accepted the case and granted Turkey 21 days to respond.[49] The defendant Turkish banks were granted an extension of the deadline until September 2011, and the lawsuit is now pending.[50]
Topkapi Armenian Cemetery
(today's Ulker factory)		 The Topkapi Armenian Cemetery was owned by the Surp Nigoghayos Armenian church and served the Armenian community from the 17-19th centuries. The last known burial was 7 April 1896.[51][51]
It was confiscated and taken over by Midhat Pasha who sold the tombstones.[51]
It has been sold to third parties such as Ulker who built a factory there in 1948.[51]		 All suits filed for return of the property failed, but there are renewed claims are under the 2011 legislation.[51]
Sanasarian College Founded in 1881 by Armenian philanthropist Mgirdich Sanasarian, the Sanasarian College was an Armenian language higher education institution in the city of Erzurum under the Ottoman Empire.[52][53] The school operated until the Armenian Genocide when most teachers were killed and the buildings ruined.[54] The building was then used as the gathering place for the Erzurum Congress.[55][56] On March 14, 2012 the acting Armenian Patriarchate of Istanbul Aram Ateşyan, appealed to a high court in Ankara for the return of Sanasarian College.[55][56] The properties include nine plots of land in Erzurum; a garden house and farmland in the village of Aghveren; two plots in the village of Gez; and a large commercial property known as Sanasarian Han in the Sirkeci district of Istanbul. Court proceedings are still pending.[56]

See also

Vorlage:Clear

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Vorlage:External media

  1. ↑ a b Ugur; Mehmet Ungor; Polatel: Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011, ISBN 1-4411-3055-1, S. 224 (google.com [abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2012]).
  2. ↑ a b c Shavarsh Toriguian: The Armenian question and international law. 2nd ed. ULV Press, La Verne, Calif., U.S.A. 1988, ISBN 978-0-911707-13-7.
  3. ↑ Armenian Genocide Timeline. Abgerufen am 22. Februar 2013.
  4. ↑ The Armenian Genocide: Facts and Documents. St. Vartan Press, New York City, New York 1985, S. 11.
  5. ↑ ? In: The Armenian Review. 18. Jahrgang. Hairenik Association, 1965, S. 3: „Articles 2, 3, 6, 11 and 22 of the governmental order of May 16, 1915, from Talaat, head of the Ministry of Interior, in Constantinople directing the seizure and confiscation of Armenian buildings apply, also, to church buildings and their property.“
  6. ↑ Vorlage:Citation.
  7. ↑ Vorlage:Citation.
  8. ↑ "Abandoned Properties" Law, October 13, 1915, S. 1. Abgerufen im 22 February 2013 
  9. ↑ Gidel, Lapradelle (1929). Le Fur. Confiscation des Biens des Refugies Armeniens par le Gouvernement Turc, pp. 87-90 (French)
  10. ↑ a b Varlik vergisi (asset tax) - one of the many black chapters of Turkish history... In: Assyrian Chaldean Syriac Association. Abgerufen am 14. Oktober 2011. Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag. Der Name „Varlik Vergisi“ wurde mehrere Male mit einem unterschiedlichen Inhalt definiert.
  11. ↑ Yasemin Varlık: Tuzla Ermeni Çocuk Kampı'nın İzleri (Memento des Originals vom December 6, 2006 im Internet Archive) In: BİAnet, 2. Juli 2001. Abgerufen am 20. März 2007 
  12. ↑ Baskın Oran: Bu kadarı da yapılmaz be Hrant! In: Agos, 26. Januar 2007. Abgerufen am 1. Mai 2007 (turkish). 
  13. ↑ a b Rubina Peroomian: And those who continued living in Turkey after 1915 : the metamorphosis of the post-genocide Armenian identity as reflected in artistic literature. Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute, Yerevan 2008, ISBN 978-99941-963-2-6, S. 277 (google.com [abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2012]).
  14. ↑ Fraser Susan: Turkey to return confiscated property In: Guardian, August 28, 2011. Abgerufen im 22 December 2012 
  15. ↑ Raffi Bedrosyan: Revisiting the Turkification of Confiscated Armenian Assets In: Armenian Weekly, April 17, 2012. Abgerufen im 22 December 2012 
  16. ↑ Tierney Smith: House Panel Approves Resolution Calling on Turkey to Return Confiscated Christian Churches In: CNS News, August 5, 2011. Abgerufen im 24 December 2012 
  17. ↑ U.S. Congress House Resolution 306. Abgerufen am 24. Dezember 2012.
  18. ↑ a b c d e Raffi Bedrosyan: '2012 Declaration': A History of Seized Armenian Properties in Istanbul In: Armenian Weekly, December 6, 2012. Abgerufen im 22 December 2012 
  19. ↑ a b Vercihan Ziflioğlu: Dink Foundation urges further steps for seized Armenian properties In: Hurriyet, 14 December 2012. Abgerufen im 22 December 2012 
  20. ↑ a b General Overview. Hrant Dink Foundation, abgerufen am 27. Dezember 2012 (türkisch).
  21. ↑ Devlet tarafından yağmalanan Ermeni mallarının tam dökümü yayımlandı In: Haberlink, 02-12-2012. Abgerufen im 27 December 2012 (turkish). 
  22. ↑ Interactive map of the confiscated Armenian proprieties in Istanbul
  23. ↑ VGM: About Us. VGM: Official Website, abgerufen am 10. Januar 2013.
  24. ↑ a b c İSTANBUL ERMENİ VAKIFLARININ EL KONAN MÜLKLERİ. Hrant Dink Foundation, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2012 (türkisch).
  25. ↑ Armenian foundation seeks to regain property rights to school In: Zaman. Abgerufen im 22 December 2012 
  26. ↑ a b Time to recall the story of the Tuzla Armenian children’s camp: a story of seizure In: Zaman, 21 June 2009. Abgerufen im 24 December 2012 
  27. ↑ a b İnci Döndaş: Tuzla Çocuk Kampı'ndan Hrantlar'ın öyküsü çıktı In: Star Gazette, 28. Januar 2007. Abgerufen am 20. März 2007 (turkish). 
  28. ↑ YOK EDİLEN 'ATLANTİS UYGARLIĞI': TUZLA ERMENİ ÇOCUK KAMPI. Abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2012 (türkisch).
  29. ↑ a b BİR MAHALLEDEN TEK HAMLEDE SİLİNMEK: KALFAYAN YETİMHANESİ BİNASI. Hrant Dink Foundation, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2012.
  30. ↑ Pars Tuğlacı: İstanbul Ermeni kiliseleri. Pars Yayın, İstanbul 1991, ISBN 978-975-7423-00-3.
  31. ↑ a b Gokhan Tan: Varolmayanın tescili In: Radikal, 07/24/2011. Abgerufen im 21 December 2012 (turkish). 
  32. ↑ Tamar Nalci: Istanbul Radio was an Armenian Cemetry In: Midyat. Abgerufen im 21 December 2012 (turkish). 
  33. ↑ a b c Tamar Nalci: Bir Gasp Hikâyesi In: Bianet, August 27, 2011. Abgerufen im 21 December 2012 (turkish). 
  34. ↑ a b c Soner Cagatay: Islam, secularism, and nationalism in modern Turkey: who is a Turk? Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-17448-5, S. 135 (google.com [abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2012]).
  35. ↑ a b c d e f THE STATE AND NOT THE ECHR, RETURNS SELAMET HAN In: Sabah. Abgerufen im 22 December 2012 
  36. ↑ a b c Turkey returns Selamet Han to Armenian foundation In: Zaman, 18 February 2011. Abgerufen im 22 December 2012 
  37. ↑ a b c d MAZBUTAYA ALINMIŞ BİR VAKIF: KASIMPAŞA SURP HAGOP KİLİSESİ VAKFI. Hrant Dink Foundation, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2012 (türkisch).
  38. ↑ Raffi Bedrosyan: Special Report: What is Turkey Returning to Armenians? In: Armenian Weekly, August 31, 2011. Abgerufen im 24 December 2012 
  39. ↑ UZUN SOLUKLU BİR HUKUK MÜCADELESİ: YEDİKULE SURP PIRGİÇ HASTANESİ VE İGS BİNASI DAVASI. Hrant Dink Foundation, abgerufen am 24. Dezember 2012 (türkisch).
  40. ↑ a b Vercihan Ziflioglu: [Court rules in favor of Armenian hospital Court rules in favor of Armenian hospital] In: Hurriyet, January/05/2012. Abgerufen im 24 December 2012 
  41. ↑ a b Keyzer, Zeynep. "Of Forgotten People and Forgotten Places: Nation-building and the Dismantling of Ankara's Non-Muslim Landscapes" in On Location: Heritage Cities and Sites, ed. D. Fairchild Ruggles. New York: Springer, 2012, p. 174.
  42. ↑ a b D. Fairchild Ruggles,: On location heritage cities and sites. Springer, New York, NY, ISBN 978-1-4614-1108-6, S. 174 (google.com [abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2012]).
  43. ↑ a b Vorlage:Tr icon Yalçın, Soner. "Çankaya Köşkü’nün ilk sahibi Ermeni’ydi." Hürriyet. March 25, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
  44. ↑ Üngör, Ugur Ümit. "Confiscation and Colonization: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property." Armenian Weekly. April 22, 2011. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
  45. ↑ Vorlage:Tr icon Kürşat Bumin: Bir varmış bir yokmuş... In: Yeni Şafak, May 20, 2007. Abgerufen am 5. Januar 2009 
  46. ↑ Harut Sassounian: Armenians Sue Turkey Claiming U.S. Air Base Land, 23 December 2010. Abgerufen im 30 December 2012 
  47. ↑ Lawsuit Seeks Return of Seized Lands: Incirlik Airbase Sits on Disputed Territory News In: Armenian Mirror Specter, September 30, 2011. Abgerufen im 22 December 2012 
  48. ↑ EurasiaNet Blog: Istanbul Calling Search This Blog Print version E-Mail US Lawsuit Charges Turkey's Incrilik Air Base Sits on Stolen Armenian Land. 27. September 2011, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2012.
  49. ↑ US court requests Turkey's defense in lawsuit filed by Armenian-Americans, 17 May 2011. Abgerufen im 30 December 2012 
  50. ↑ Vorlage:Tr icon ABD’den, ‘Ermeniler İncirlik’i istiyor’ notası!, 2 September 2011. Abgerufen im 30 December 2012 
  51. ↑ a b c d e TOPKAPI SURP NİGOĞAYOS ERMENİ KİLİSESİ, LEVON VARTUHYAN MEKTEBİ VE MEZARLIĞI VAKFI. Hrant Dink Foundation, abgerufen am 28. Dezember 2012 (türkisch).
  52. ↑ The Republic of Armenia: The first year, 1918-1919 By Richard G. Hovannisian -p.436
  53. ↑ A few facts about Turkey under the reign of Abdul Hamid II. By An American observer, p.54
  54. ↑ Armenian Patriarchate’s Bold Move To Sue the Turkish Government In: Asbarez, March 20, 2012. Abgerufen im 22 December 2012 
  55. ↑ a b SANSARYAN DAVASI In: Millyet. Abgerufen im 22 December 2012 (turkish). 
  56. ↑ a b c Patrikhane Sanasaryan davasını Anadolu sathına yaydı. Abgerufen im 21 December 2012 (turkish). 
Quelle: https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enteignung_der_Armenier_in_der_T%C3%BCrkei&diff=prev&oldid=118571484