„Enteignung der Armenier in der Türkei“ – Versionsunterschied

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[[Datei:TrabzonAuction.jpg|mini|Auktion konfiszierter armenischer Güter in einer armenischen Kirche 1918 in [[Trabzon]] nach dem Völkermord.]]
[[File:Armenianagopcemetery.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Pangaltı Armenian Cemetery]] in Istanbul. Since confiscation in the 1930s it has become the site of the Divan Hotel, Hilton Hotel, Hyatt Regency Hotel and [[Turkish Radio and Television Corporation|TRT Radio Buildings]].]]


Die '''Enteignung der Armenier in der Türkei''' war ein Prozess, in dessen Verlauf neben der vollständigen [[Deportationsgesetz (Osmanisches Reich)|Deportation]] der [[Armenier|armenischen]] Bevölkerung [[Anatolien]]s 1915 Eigentum, Vermögen sowie Ländereien von Armeniern und anderen christlichen Minderheiten von der [[Osmanisches Reich|osmanischen]] bzw. [[Türkei|türkischen]] Regierung konfisziert wurde.<ref name="Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property">{{Literatur |Autor=Ugur Üngör, Mehmet Polatel |Hrsg=Continuum International Publishing Group |Titel=Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property |Datum=2011 |ISBN=1-4411-3055-1 |Seiten=224 |Online=[http://books.google.com/books?id=06K7KM4s-wgC&dq online] |Abruf=2012-12-22}}</ref> Das konfiszierte Eigentum der nicht-muslimischen Minderheit stellte die wirtschaftliche Grundlage der [[Türkei|türkischen Republik]] dar.<ref>Samuel Totten: ''Impediments to the Prevention and Intervention of Genocide.'' Transaction Publishers, 2013, S. 55.</ref><ref name="arte">[[Kamil Taylan]]: ''Türkiye – Türkei – Die gespaltene Republik.'' [[Arte|ARTE]], 2013.</ref> Die Aneignung und Plünderung der armenischen, aber auch griechischen und jüdischen Vermögen fungierte ebenfalls als Grundlage für die Schaffung einer neuen türkischen Bourgeoisie.<ref name="arte" /><ref>Fatma Müge Göke: ''The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era.'' Tauris Academic Studies, 2011, S. 119.</ref><ref>[[Richard Hovannisian|Richard G. Hovannisian]]: ''Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide.'' Wayne State University Press, 1998, S. 37.</ref><ref>Andreas Bähr, Peter Burschel, Gabriele Jancke: ''Räume des Selbst. Selbstzeugnisforschung transkulturell.'' Böhlau, 2007, S. 165.</ref><ref>Metin Heper, Sabri Sayari: ''The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey.'' Routledge, 2012, S. 284.</ref>
The '''Confiscation of Armenian properties''' by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] governments involved seizure of the assets, properties and land of the [[Turkish Armenians|Armenian community of Turkey]].<ref name="Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property">{{cite book|last=Ungor; Polatel|first=Ugur; Mehmet|title=Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property|year=2011|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=1441130551|pages=224|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=06K7KM4s-wgC&dq|accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref>


Zahlreiche Personen und türkische Unternehmen, darunter die Industriellenfamilien [[Sabancı]] und [[Koç Holding|Koç]], profitierten direkt oder indirekt von der Vertreibung und Eliminierung der Armenier und der Konfiszierung ihrer Besitztümer.<ref>Sidney E.P. Nowill: ''Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey.'' Troubador Publishing, 2011, S. 77.</ref><ref>Ayşe Buğra: ''State and Business in Modern Turkey. A Comparative Study.'' SUNY Press, 1994, S. 82.</ref><ref>Uğur Üngör, Mehmet Polatel: ''Confiscation and Destruction. The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property.'' Bloomsbury Academic, 2011, S. 132.</ref><ref>Geoffrey Jones: ''Entrepreneurship and Multinationals: Global Business and the Making of the Modern World.'' Edward Elgar Pub, 2013, S. 35.</ref>
The [[Hrant Dink]] Foundation states that 661 properties in Istanbul were confiscated by the Turkish government, leaving only 580 of the 1,328 properties owned by the 53 Armenian foundations (schools, churches, hospitals, etc.). Subsequently 143 (21.6%) have been returned.


==History==
== Geschichte ==
[[Datei:Seizureofarmenianschools.jpg|mini|Anordnung vom 22. Juni 1915 über die Konfiszierung der armenischen Schulen und deren Vergabe an moslemische [[Muhacir]] (''[[Osmanisches Archiv des Ministerpräsidialamts]]'')]]


=== Confiscation as part of the Armenian Genocide ===
=== Enteignung im Zuge des Völkermords ===
Am 16. Mai 1915 wurde während des [[Völkermord an den Armeniern|Völkermords an den Armeniern]] ein [[Edikt]] erlassen, die Armenier zu enteignen.<ref name="Shavarsh">{{Literatur |Autor=Shavarsh Toriguian |Hrsg=ULV Press |Titel=The Armenian question and international law |Auflage=2. |Ort=La Verne, Calif., U.S.A. |Datum=1988 |ISBN=978-0-911707-13-7}}</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |url=http://armeniangenocidetimeline.weebly.com/1915.html |titel=Armenian Genocide Timeline |abruf=2013-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Literatur |Hrsg=St. Vartan Press |Titel=The Armenian Genocide: Facts and Documents |Ort=New York City, New York |Datum=1985 |Seiten=11}}</ref><ref>{{Literatur|Sammelwerk=The Armenian Review|Datum=1965|Band=18|Seiten=3|Verlag=Hairenik Association|Titel=Articles 2, 3, 6, 11 and 22 of the governmental order of May 16, 1915, from Talaat, head of the Ministry of Interior, in Constantinople directing the seizure and confiscation of Armenian buildings apply, also, to church buildings and their property.}}</ref> Das Gesetz sah die Gründung von besonderen Komitees vor, die Listen und Berichte über all das „aufgegebene“ armenische Eigentum ausarbeiteten und die Güter und Waren „im Namen der Deportierten“ in sichere Verwahrung brachten.<ref name="Shavarsh" /> Vergängliche Güter und Tiere sollten verkauft und die Einnahmen im Namen der Eigentümer hinterlegt werden. Bauernhöfe, Olivenhaine, Häuser, Weingüter wurden unter den türkischen Flüchtlingen verteilt. Gebäude, die die türkischen Neuankömmlinge nicht annahmen, wurden öffentlich [[Versteigerung|versteigert]].
[[File:Srpuhi Mayrabed Nshan Kalfayan (1822-1889).png|thumb|180px|[[Srpuhi Kalfayan|Srpuhi Mayrabed Nshan Kalfayan]]. Founder of the Kalfayan order, the professional school for girls and the Kalfayan orphanage that was confiscated and demolished.]]
On 16 May 1915, while the [[Armenian Genocide]] was underway, an edict was promulgated entitled "administrative instruction regarding movable and immovable property abandoned by Armenians deported as a result of the war and the unusual political circumstances."<ref name=Shavarsh>{{cite book|last=Toriguian|first=Shavarsh|title=The Armenian question and international law|year=1988|publisher=ULV Press|location=La Verne, Calif., U.S.A.|isbn=9780911707137|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Armenian Genocide Timeline|url=http://armeniangenocidetimeline.weebly.com/1915.html|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Armenian Genocide: Facts and Documents|year=1985|publisher=St. Vartan Press|location=New York City, New York|pages=51|accessdate=22 February 2013|page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Armenian Review|year=1965|volume=18|accessdate=22 February 2013|page=3|publisher=Hairenik Association|quote=Articles 2, 3, 6, 11 and 22 of the governmental order of May 16, 1915, from Talaat, head of the Ministry of Interior, in Constantinople directing the seizure and confiscation of Armenian buildings apply, also, to church buildings and their property.}}</ref> The law made provisions for the formation of special committees who would prepare lists and reports of all property "abandoned" and place such property in safe custody in the name of the deportees.<ref name=Shavarsh /> Perishable goods and animals were to be sold and the sum deposited in the name of the owners. It was further provided that Turkish refugees (mainly from the [[Balkan wars]]) were to be settled in the Armenian homes and on Armenian lands.<ref name=Shavarsh /> Land and houses given to the refugees were to be registered. Farms, olive groves, houses, vineyards were to be distributed to the refugees. Such buildings not wanted by the refugees were to be sold through public auction.


On 29 May 1915, the CUP Central Committee passed the [[Tehcir Law]] authorizing the deportation of persons judged to be a threat to national security.<ref name = "Balakian">{{citation | authorlink = Peter Balakian| last = Balakian | first = Peter | title = The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response | place = New York | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 2003 | ISBN = 0-06-019840-0}}.</ref>{{rp |186–8}}
Am 29. Mai 1915 verabschiedete das [[Komitee für Einheit und Fortschritt]] das [[Deportationsgesetz (Osmanisches Reich)|Tehcir-Gesetz]], das die Deportation von Personen autorisierte, die als Bedrohung für die öffentliche Sicherheit eingeschätzt wurden.<ref name="Balakian">{{Literatur |Autor=[[Peter Balakian]] |Hrsg=HarperCollins |Titel=The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response |Ort=New York |Datum=2003 |ISBN=0-06-019840-0}}</ref>{{rp|S. 186–188}}


[[Datei:OrientAbandonedProperties 02.png|mini|hochkant|Das „Temporäre Gesetz der Zwangsenteignung und Konfiszierung“ wurde am 23. Oktober 1915 in der englischsprachigen osmanischen Zeitung ''The Orient'' veröffentlicht, das alle elf Artikel veröffentlichte.]]
Another law promulgated on 13 September 1915 named the "Temporary Law of Expropriation and Confiscation" ("Abandoned Properties" Law), stated that all property, including land, livestock and homes belonging to Armenians, could be confiscated by the authorities.<ref name="Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property" /><ref name = "Dadrian">{{citation | authorlink = Vahakn Dadrian | last = Dadrian | first = Vahakn N | title = The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus | place = Oxford | publisher = Berghahn Books | year = 1995 | ISBN = 1-57181-666-6}}.</ref> The law made a detailed provision as to how claims could be registered and executed against "abandoned" Armenian property.<ref>{{cite news|title="Abandoned Properties" Law|accessdate=22 February 2013|newspaper=The Orient|date=October 13, 1915|location=Istanbul|page=1}}</ref> This was opposed by the Ottoman parliamentary representative [[Ahmed Riza]]:


Ein anderes Gesetz wurde am 13. September 1915 verabschiedet, genannt „Temporäres Gesetz der Zwangsenteignung und Konfiszierung“, das besagte, dass das [[Armenier]]n gehörende Eigentum, einschließlich Ländereien, Viehbestand und Häuser, von den Behörden entschädigungslos konfisziert werden konnte. Rechtsexperten beschreiben das Gesetz als „Legalisierung von Raub“.<ref name="Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property" /><ref name="Dadrian">{{Literatur |Autor=[[Vahakn N. Dadrian]] |Hrsg=Berghahn Books |Titel=The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus |Ort=Oxford |Datum=1995 |ISBN=1-57181-666-6}}</ref> Das Gesetz regelte detailliert, wie Ansprüche registriert werden konnten.<ref>{{Literatur|Titel="Abandoned Properties" Law|Sammelwerk=The Orient|Datum=1915-10-13|Ort=Istanbul|Seiten=1}}</ref> Dieses Gesetz wurde vom osmanischen Parlamentsabgeordneten [[Ahmed Rızâ]] abgelehnt:
{{cquote |It is unlawful to designate the Armenian assets as "abandoned goods" for the Armenians, the proprietors, did not abandon their properties voluntarily; they were forcibly, compulsorily removed from their domiciles and exiled. Now the government through its efforts is selling their goods… If we are a constitutional regime functioning in accordance with constitutional law we can’t do this. This is atrocious. Grab my arm, eject me from my village, then sell my goods and properties, such a thing can never be permissible. Neither the conscience of the Ottomans nor the law can allow it.<ref>Y. Bayur, ''Turk Inkilabz'', vol. III, part 3, in Dadrian, ''History of the Armenian Genocide''.</ref>}}
{{Zitat
|Text=It is unlawful to designate the Armenian assets as „abandoned goods“ for the Armenians, the proprietors, did not abandon their properties voluntarily; they were forcibly, compulsorily removed from their domiciles and exiled. Now the government through its efforts is selling their goods… If we are a constitutional regime functioning in accordance with constitutional law we can’t do this. This is atrocious. Grab my arm, eject me from my village, then sell my goods and properties, such a thing can never be permissible. Neither the conscience of the Ottomans nor the law can allow it.
|Sprache=en
|Übersetzung=Es ist gesetzeswidrig, das armenische Vermögen für die Armenier als „aufgegebene Güter“ zu klassifizieren, die Eigentümer gaben ihr Eigentum nicht freiwillig auf; sie wurden gewaltsam und erzwungenermaßen von ihren Wohnorten verschleppt und vertrieben. Nun verkauft die Regierung in ihrem Bemühungen deren Güter… Falls wir ein verfassungsmäßiges Regime wären, das im Einklang mit dem Verfassungsrecht arbeitet, können wir dies nicht machen. Das ist grauenhaft. Nimm mich am Arm, wirf mich aus meinem Dorf, verkaufe dann meine Waren und mein Eigentum, so etwas ist nie zulässig. Dies erlaubt weder das Gewissen der Osmanen noch das Gesetz.
|ref=<ref>[[Yusuf Hikmet Bayur|Y. Bayur]], ''Turk Inkilabi'', Vol. III, Teil 3, in Dadrian, ''History of the Armenian Genocide''.</ref>}}


Der türkische Geschichtswissenschaftler [[Uğur Üngör|Uğur Ümit Üngör]] erklärt in seinem Artikel ''Seeing like a nation-state: Young Turk social engineering in Eastern Turkey, <nowiki>1913–50</nowiki>'':
=== Confiscation during the Turkish Republic ===
{{Zitat
The [[Turkish War of Independence]] lead to the founding of the [[Republic of Turkey]] in 1923, but confiscations continued because more Armenians had been either deported or killed.
|Text=The elimination of the Armenian population left the state an infrastructure of Armenian property, which was used for the progress of Turkish (settler) communities. In other words: the construction of an étatist Turkish ‘national economy’ was unthinkable without the destruction and expropriation of Armenians.
|Sprache=en
|Übersetzung=Die Beseitigung der armenischen Bevölkerung hinterließ dem Staat eine Infrastruktur an armenischem Eigentum, das für den Fortgang der türkischen (Siedler-)Gemeinden genutzt wurde. In anderen Worten: Der Aufbau einer etatistischen türkischen ‘Nationalökonomie’ war ohne die Vernichtung und Enteignung der Armenier undenkbar.
|ref=<ref>U. U. Ungor (2008). ''Seeing like a nation-state: Young Turk social engineering in Eastern Turkey'', <nowiki>1913–50</nowiki>. Journal of Genocide Research, 10(1), 15–39.</ref>}}


=== Konfiszierung in der Türkei ===
On 15 April 1923, just before the signature of the [[Treaty of Lausanne]], a law entitled "Law of Abandoned Properties" subsequently confiscated the properties of all Armenians who were absent, whatever the date, the motive or the circumstances of the departure, and refused the validity of any power-of-attorney provided by an absentee.<ref>Gidel, Lapradelle (1929). ''Le Fur''. Confiscation des Biens des Refugies Armeniens par le Gouvernement Turc, pp. 87-90 (French)</ref>
Am 15. April 1923, kurz vor der Unterzeichnung des [[Lausanner Vertrag]]s, konfiszierte der Staat durch ein Gesetz namens „Gesetz der Aufgegebenen Eigentümer“ im Zuge des [[Türkischer Befreiungskrieg|Türkischen Befreiungskrieges]] die Besitztümer aller Armenier, die nicht mehr anwesend waren.<ref>Gidel, Lapradelle (1929). ''Le Fur''. Confiscation des Biens des Refugies Armeniens par le Gouvernement Turc, S. 87–90 (französisch).</ref>


In anticipation of entry into [[World War II]], the Turkish government levied a capital tax, the [[Varlik Vergisi]], which disproportionately affected Turkey's non-Muslim residents. As a result of non-payment of the tax,<ref name="Varlik Vergisi">{{cite web|title=Varlik vergisi (asset tax) - one of the many black chapters of Turkish history...|url=http://www.acsatv.com/index.php?sid=3&usid=24&aID=403|work=Assyrian Chaldean Syriac Association|accessdate=14 October 2011}}</ref> the Turkish government collected 324 million [[Turkish lira|lira]]s ([[United States dollar|$]]270 million at the time) through the confiscation of non-Muslim assets.<ref name="Varlik Vergisi">{{cite web|title=Varlik Vergisi (asset tax) - one of the many black chapters of Turkish history...|url=http://www.acsatv.com/index.php?sid=3&usid=24&aID=403|work=Assyrian Chaldean Syriac Association|accessdate=14 October 2011}}</ref>
Nach der Unterzeichnung des [[Deutsch-türkischer Freundschaftsvertrag|Deutsch-türkischen Freundschaftsvertrages]] 1941 mit dem [[Nationalsozialismus|nationalsozialistischen]] [[Deutsches Reich 1933 bis 1945|Deutschen Reich]] trieb die türkische Regierung eine Kapitalsteuer ein, die [[Varlık Vergisi]], welche die nichtmuslimischen Bürger der Türkei unverhältnismäßig hart traf. Als Folge der Nichtzahlung der Steuer<ref name="Varlik Vergisi">{{Internetquelle |url=http://www.acsatv.com/index.php?sid=3&usid=24&aID=403 |titel=Varlik vergisi (asset tax) – one of the many black chapters of Turkish history... |werk=Assyrian Chaldean Syriac Association |abruf=2011-10-14}}</ref><!-- defekter Weblink --> sammelte die türkische Regierung 324 Millionen [[Türkische Lira|Lira]] (270 Millionen [[US-Dollar|$]] zu der Zeit) durch die Konfiszierung nichtmuslimischer Eigentümer ein.<ref name="Varlik Vergisi" /><!-- defekter Weblink -->


In 1974 new legislation stated that non-Muslim trusts could not own more property than that which had been registered under their name in 1936.<ref name="tuzlacamp">{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/haber_eski/haber659.htm | first=Yasemin | last=Varlık | title= Tuzla Ermeni Çocuk Kampı'nın İzleri | work=BİAnet | date=2001-07-02| accessdate=2007-03-20 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061206120115/http://www.bianet.org/haber_eski/haber659.htm |archivedate = December 6, 2006}}</ref><ref name="agos070126">{{cite news| title=Bu kadarı da yapılmaz be Hrant! | last=Oran | first=Baskın | work=[[Agos]] | date=2007-01-26 | url=http://www.ba.metu.edu.tr/~adil/baskin/345)Bu(26-01-2007).rtf | accessdate=2007-05-01|language=Turkish}}</ref><ref name="Peroomian">{{cite book|last=Peroomian|first=Rubina|title=And those who continued living in Turkey after 1915 : the metamorphosis of the post-genocide Armenian identity as reflected in artistic literature|year=2008|publisher=Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute|location=Yerevan|isbn=9789994196326|pages=277|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=er0MAQAAMAAJ&q|accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="Turkey to return confiscated property">{{cite news|last=Susan|first=Fraser|title=Turkey to return confiscated property|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/9819101|accessdate=22 December 2012|newspaper=Guardian|date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> As a result, more than 1,400 assets of the charitable foundations of the Istanbul Armenian community since 1936 were retrospectively classified as illegal acquisitions and seized by the state.<ref name="Peroomian" /><ref name="Revisiting the Turkification of Confiscated Armenian Assets">{{cite news|last=Bedrosyan|first=Raffi|title=Revisiting the Turkification of Confiscated Armenian Assets|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2012/04/17/revisiting-the-turkification-of-confiscated-armenian-assets/|accessdate=22 December 2012|newspaper=Armenian Weekly|date=April 17, 2012}}</ref> These properties included churches, schools, residential buildings, hospitals, summer camps, cemeteries, and orphanages.
1974 wurde ein neues Gesetz verabschiedet, welches besagte, dass nichtmuslimische Treuhandschaften nicht mehr besitzen dürfen, als unter ihrem Namen 1936 registriert war.<ref name="tuzlacamp">{{Internetquelle |autor=Yasemin Varlık |url=http://www.bianet.org/haber_eski/haber659.htm |titel=Tuzla Ermeni Çocuk Kampı'nın İzleri |werk=BİAnet |datum=2001-07-02 |offline=1 |archiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206120115/http://www.bianet.org/haber_eski/haber659.htm |archiv-datum=2006-12-06 |abruf=2007-03-20}}</ref><ref name="Peroomian">{{Literatur |Autor=Rubina Peroomian |Hrsg=[[Zizernakaberd|Armenisches Völkermord-Museumsinstitut]] |Titel=And those who continued living in Turkey after 1915 : the metamorphosis of the post-genocide Armenian identity as reflected in artistic literature |Ort=[[Jerewan]] |Datum=2008 |ISBN=978-99941-963-2-6 |Seiten=277 |Online=[http://books.google.com/books?id=er0MAQAAMAAJ&q online] |Abruf=2012-12-22}}</ref><ref name="Turkey to return confiscated property">{{Internetquelle |autor=Fraser Susan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/info/2015/dec/09/removed-news-agency-feed-article |titel=Turkey to return confiscated property |hrsg=Guardian |datum=2011-08-28 |abruf=2012-12-22}}</ref> Als Folge dessen wurden mehr als 1400 Besitztümer von Stiftungen der [[Armenier in Istanbul|Istanbuler Armeniergemeinde]] ab dem Jahr 1936 rückwirkend zu illegalem Erwerb erklärt und vom Staat beschlagnahmt.<ref name="Peroomian" /><ref name="Revisiting the Turkification of Confiscated Armenian Assets">{{Internetquelle |autor=Raffi Bedrosyan |url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2012/04/17/revisiting-the-turkification-of-confiscated-armenian-assets/ |titel=Revisiting the Turkification of Confiscated Armenian Assets |hrsg=Armenian Weekly |datum=2012-04-17 |abruf=2012-12-22}}</ref> Dies umfasste Kirchen, Schulen, Wohnbauten, Krankenhäuser, Sommercamps, Friedhöfe und Waisenhäuser.


Als Versuch, die [[Türkischer EU-Beitritt|Türkei mit EU-Standards]] in Einklang zu bringen, wurde durch die [[Demokratik Sol Parti|Demokratischen Linkspartei]] (DSP) unter Ministerpräsident [[Bülent Ecevit]] die Offenlegung der osmanischen Landregistrierung, Schriftgüter und Urkunden in Erwägung gezogen. Dies wurde nach einer Warnung des [[Nationaler Sicherheitsrat der Türkei|Nationalen Sicherheitsrates]] der türkischen Streitkräfte von der regierenden [[Islamismus|islamischen]] [[Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi|AKP]] am 26. August 2005 abgelehnt:
On June 15, 2011 The [[United States House Foreign Affairs Committee]] voted 43 to one in support of a resolution (House Resolution 306) that calls upon the Republic of Turkey "to safeguard its Christian heritage and to return confiscated church properties".<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Tierney|title=House Panel Approves Resolution Calling on Turkey to Return Confiscated Christian Churches|url=http://cnsnews.com/news/article/house-panel-approves-resolution-calling-turkey-return-confiscated-christian-churches|accessdate=24 December 2012|newspaper=CNS News|date=August 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Congress House Resolution 306|url=http://www.atour.com/government/usa/20110630a.html|accessdate=24 December 2012}}</ref>
{{Zitat
|Text=The Ottoman records kept at the Land Register and Cadaster Surveys General Directorate offices must be sealed and not available to the public, as they have the potential to be exploited by alleged genocide claims and property claims against the State Charitable Foundation assets. Opening them to general public use is against state interests.
|Sprache=en
|Übersetzung=Die osmanischen Aufzeichnungen, die in den Generaldirektionsbüros der Grundbuch- und Katastererhebung aufbewahrt werden, müssen verschlossen und der Öffentlichkeit nicht zugänglich gemacht werden, da sie das Potential haben, von den Behauptungen zum angeblichen Völkermord und Eigentumsansprüchen gegen die Vermögen des Staatlichen Wohltätigkeitsstiftung ausgenutzt zu werden. Die Öffnung derer zum allgemeinen öffentlichen Gebrauch ist gegen die Interessen des Staates.
|ref=<ref name="Revisiting the Turkification of Confiscated Armenian Assets" />}}


Am 15. Juni 2011 stimmte das [[United States House Foreign Affairs Committee]] mit 43 zu 1 für die Unterstützung einer Resolution (House Resolution 306), die die Republik Türkei dazu aufruft, „ihr [[Christentum in der Türkei|christliches Erbe]] zu schützen und die konfiszierten Kircheneigentümer zurückzugeben.“<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Tierney Smith |url=http://cnsnews.com/news/article/house-panel-approves-resolution-calling-turkey-return-confiscated-christian-churches |titel=House Panel Approves Resolution Calling on Turkey to Return Confiscated Christian Churches |hrsg=CNS News |datum=2011-08-05 |abruf=2012-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |url=http://www.atour.com/government/usa/20110630a.html |titel=U.S. Congress House Resolution 306 |abruf=2012-12-24}}</ref>
==Contemporary analysis==
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Distribution of immovable assets (includes amount and percentage)
| other =
| label1 = Owned by Armenian foundations (487)
| value1 = 37.42
| color1 = #FF0000
| label2 = Conveyed to third parties (83)
| value2 = 18.90
| color2 = #008080
| label3 = Returned to original ownership (143)
| value3 = 10.77
| color3 = #FFFF00
| label4 = Non-existent parcels of real estate (78)
| value4 = 5.87
| color4 = #800080
| label5 = Unassigned ownership and indeterminate status (107)
| value5 = 8.06
| color5 = #00FFFF
| label6 = Sold by Armenian foundations (83)
| value6 = 6.25
| color6 = #008000
| label7 = Conveyed to the Municipality (64)
| value7 = 4.82
| color7 = #000080
| label8 = Conveyed to the Directorate General of Foundations (51)
| value8 = 3.84
| color8 = #808000
| label9 = Conveyed to the treasury (31)
| value9 = 2.33
| color9 = #800000
| label10 = Designated as public property (23)
| value10 = 1.73
| color10 = #08f
}}


== Heutige Einschätzung ==
The [[Hrant Dink]] foundation states that 661 properties in [[Istanbul]] were confiscated by the Turkish government, leaving only 580 of the 1,328 properties owned by the 53 Armenian foundations (schools, churches, hospitals, etc.). The fate of the remaining 87 could not be determined.<ref name="Bedrosyan1">{{cite news|last=Bedrosyan|first=Raffi|title='2012 Declaration': A History of Seized Armenian Properties in Istanbul|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2012/12/06/2012-declaration-a-history-of-seized-armenian-properties-in-istanbul/|accessdate=22 December 2012|newspaper=Armenian Weekly|date=December 6, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Dink">{{cite news|last=Ziflioğlu|first=Vercihan|title=Dink Foundation urges further steps for seized Armenian properties|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/book-reveals-seized-armenian-properties.aspx?pageID=238&nID=37083&NewsCatID=386|accessdate=22 December 2012|newspaper=Hurriyet|date=14 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="General Overview">{{cite web|title=General Overview|url=http://www.istanbulermenivakiflari.org/tr/istanbul-ermeni-vakiflari|publisher=Hrant Dink Foundation|accessdate=27 December 2012|language=Turkish}}</ref> Out of the 661 confiscated properties, 143 (21.6%) have been returned to the Armenian foundation.<ref name="Bedrosyan1"/><ref name="Dink"/><ref name="General Overview"/><ref name="Devlet tarafından yağmalanan Ermeni mallarının tam dökümü yayımlandı">{{cite news|title=Devlet tarafından yağmalanan Ermeni mallarının tam dökümü yayımlandı|url=http://www.haberlink.com/haber.php?query=80351#.UNuWQFn4Lbk|accessdate=27 December 2012|newspaper=Haberlink|date=02-12-2012|language=Turkish}}</ref>
<!-- Die „Eigentümer“ im folgenden Absatz wurden nicht konfiziert, sondern es „Eigentum“ konfisziert – besserer Ausdruck wäre wünschenswert. Ich selbst kann es nicht korrekt beschreiben. -->
Die [[Hrant-Dink-Stiftung]] gibt an, dass 661 Eigentümer allein in [[Istanbul]] von der osmanischen und der späteren türkischen Regierung enteignet wurden, wodurch nur noch 580 der 1.328 Eigentümer übrig bleiben, welche von den 53 armenischen Stiftungen genutzt und betrieben werden (Schulen, Kirchen, Krankenhäuser etc.). Das Schicksal der verbliebenen 87 konnte nicht festgestellt werden.<ref name="Bedrosyan1">{{Internetquelle |autor=Raffi Bedrosyan |url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2012/12/06/2012-declaration-a-history-of-seized-armenian-properties-in-istanbul/ |titel='2012 Declaration': A History of Seized Armenian Properties in Istanbul |hrsg=Armenian Weekly |datum=2012-12-06 |abruf=2012-12-22}}</ref><ref name="Dink">{{Internetquelle |autor=Vercihan Ziflioğlu |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/book-reveals-seized-armenian-properties.aspx?pageID=238&nID=37083&NewsCatID=386 |titel=Dink Foundation urges further steps for seized Armenian properties |hrsg=[[Hürriyet]] |datum=2012-12-14 |abruf=2012-12-22}}</ref><ref name="General Overview">{{Internetquelle |url=http://www.istanbulermenivakiflari.org/tr/istanbul-ermeni-vakiflari |titel=General Overview |hrsg=Hrant-Dink-Stiftung |sprache=tr |abruf=2012-12-27 |archiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204014131/http://istanbulermenivakiflari.org/tr/istanbul-ermeni-vakiflari |archiv-datum=2012-12-04 |offline=ja |archiv-bot=2023-04-22 11:02:51 InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Von den 661 enteigneten Eigentümern wurden bislang lediglich 143 (21,6 %) den Stiftungen zurückgegeben.<ref name="Bedrosyan1" /><ref name="Dink" /><ref name="General Overview" /><ref name="Devlet tarafından yağmalanan Ermeni mallarının tam dökümü yayımlandı">{{Internetquelle |url=http://www.haberlink.com/haber.php?query=80351#.UNuWQFn4Lbk |titel=Devlet tarafından yağmalanan Ermeni mallarının tam dökümü yayımlandı |hrsg=Haberlink |datum=2012-12-02 |sprache=tr |abruf=2012-12-27}}</ref>


The Hrant Dink foundation researched confiscations and now provides descriptions, photographs and boundary lines on its interactive mapping resource.<ref name="Hrant-D2">[http://www.istanbulermenivakiflari.org/tr/harita Interactive map of the confiscated Armenian proprieties in Istanbul]</ref>[http://www.istanbulermenivakiflari.org/tr/harita]
Die Hrant-Dink-Stiftung forschte lange Zeit über die Enteignungen und bietet heute Beschreibungen, Fotografien und Grenzlinien auf ihrer interaktiven Kartenquelle.<ref>{{Webarchiv|url=http://www.istanbulermenivakiflari.org/tr/harita |wayback=20121204014121 |text=Interactive map of the confiscated Armenian proprieties in Istanbul |archiv-bot=2023-04-22 11:02:51 InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>


== Quellen ==
===Confiscated assets of Armenian institutions===
* [http://www.istanbulermenivakiflari.org/tr Hrant Dink Foundation: Website dedicated to the confiscation of properties. Site includes maps, detailed history, and status. (türkisch)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dymso_Wr5RM (Youtube-Video) Prof. Ugur Ungor Discusses Property Confiscation During the Armenian Genocide (April 30, 2012)]


== Einzelnachweise ==
{| class="wikitable"
<references />
|-
| '''Immovable Asset ([[Real estate]]) by category'''
| Quantity
| Percentage
| Notes
|-


[[Kategorie:Völkermord an den Armeniern]]
| conveyed to third parties
[[Kategorie:Wirtschaft (Osmanisches Reich)]]
|251
[[Kategorie:Recht (Osmanisches Reich)]]
|18.90%
[[Kategorie:Diskriminierung aufgrund von Religion oder Weltanschauung]]
|
|-
| returned to original ownership
|143
|10.77%
| e.g. [[Surp Prgich Armenian Hospital]], [[Confiscated Armenian properties in Turkey#Notable confiscations|Sanasarian Foundation]]
|-
| non-existent parcels of real estate
|78
|5.87%
|e.g. Kalfayan Orphanage and Pangalti Armenian Cemetery - <br>no trace of the buildings or structure remain.
|-
| conveyed to the Municipality
|64
|4.82%
|
|-
| conveyed to the Directorate General of Foundations (VGM)
|51
|3.84%
| 'Vakif Genel Mudurlugu' is a government organization that <br>returns confiscated assets to the original owners.<ref>{{cite web|title=VGM: About Us.|url=http://www.vgm.gov.tr/sayfa.aspx?Id=80|publisher=VGM: Official Website|accessdate=10 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| conveyed to the treasury
|31
|2.33%
|
|-
| designated as public property
|23
|1.73%
|
|-
| unassigned ownership
|20
|1.51%
|
|-
|: Total confiscated assets ?
| 661
|49.77%
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
| owned by Armenian foundations
|497
|37.42%
|
|-
| sold by Armenian foundations
|83
|6.25%
|
|-
|: Total unconfiscated assets ?
|580
|43.67%
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|Immovable assets of indeterminate status
|87
|6.55%
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|: Properties originally owned by the 53 Armenian foundations <br>: (schools, churches, hospitals, etc.).
|1,328
|100%
|
|}

{{clear}}

== Notable confiscations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:10em"| Name
! Confiscation
! Current status
|-
| Mkhitaryan Bomonti Armenian School || In 1979 the State Charitable Foundations Directorate confiscated the Armenian School, stating that the new building was illegal because the school was not listed in the 1936 Declaration. The property was returned to the original owners whose heirs sold it to Militas Construction Company who closed it.<ref name="Bedrosyan1" /><ref name="İSTANBUL ERMENİ VAKIFLARININ EL KONAN MÜLKLERİ">{{cite web|title=İSTANBUL ERMENİ VAKIFLARININ EL KONAN MÜLKLERİ|url=http://www.istanbulermenivakiflari.org/tr/|publisher=Hrant Dink Foundation|accessdate=22 December 2012|language=Turkish}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian foundation seeks to regain property rights to school|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=293585|accessdate=22 December 2012|newspaper=Zaman}}</ref>|| In November 2012, after numerous legal proceedings, the property was returned to the Armenian community.<ref name="Bedrosyan1" /><ref name="İSTANBUL ERMENİ VAKIFLARININ EL KONAN MÜLKLERİ"/>
|-
| Tuzla Armenian Children's Camp|| The Gedikpaşa Church Foundation wanted to purchase the property but in 1979 the State Charitable Foundations Directorate applied in court for its return to the previous owner.<ref name="İSTANBUL ERMENİ VAKIFLARININ EL KONAN MÜLKLERİ"/> It was confiscated in 1983 and closed down in 1984.<ref name="Time to recall the story of the Tuzla Armenian children’s camp: a story of seizure">{{cite news|title=Time to recall the story of the Tuzla Armenian children’s camp: a story of seizure|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=178656|accessdate=24 December 2012|newspaper=Zaman|date=21 June 2009}}</ref> The property has changed ownership five times since closure but nothing has been built on the derelict site.<ref name="Time to recall the story of the Tuzla Armenian children’s camp: a story of seizure" />||In 2001 the property was purchased by a businessman to build a house. When he was advised by the journalist [[Hrant Dink]] that it had belonged to an orphanage he offered to donate it back but the law did not permit it.<ref name="stargazete070129">{{cite news| title= Tuzla Çocuk Kampı'ndan Hrantlar'ın öyküsü çıktı | last=Döndaş | first=İnci | work=Star Gazette| date=2007-01-28 | url=http://www.stargazete.com/index.asp?haberID=110486 | accessdate=2007-03-20 | language=Turkish}}</ref><br>In 2007 the new Foundation law was vetoed by President [[Ahmet Necdet Sezer]].<ref name="stargazete070129"/><br>The Gedikpaşa Church Foundation has filed several unsuccessful cases, the most recent being in August 2011.<ref name="Bedrosyan1" /><ref>{{cite web|title=YOK EDİLEN 'ATLANTİS UYGARLIĞI': TUZLA ERMENİ ÇOCUK KAMPI|url=http://www.istanbulermenivakiflari.org/tr/istanbul-ermeni-vakiflari/el-koyma-hikayeleri/yok-edilen-atlantis-uygarligi-tuzla-ermeni-cocuk-kampi/88|accessdate=22 December 2012|language=Turkish}}</ref>
|-
| Kalfayan Orphanage|| The Orphanage School was founded by [[Srpuhi Kalfayan]] in 1865.<br>It was expropriated and demolished in the 1960s to make way for infrastructure developments.<br>An attempt to rebuild the orphanage in another location was deemed illegal under the 1974 law.<ref name="BİR MAHALLEDEN TEK HAMLEDE SİLİNMEK: KALFAYAN YETİMHANESİ BİNASI">{{cite web|title=BİR MAHALLEDEN TEK HAMLEDE SİLİNMEK: KALFAYAN YETİMHANESİ BİNASI|url=http://www.istanbulermenivakiflari.org/tr/istanbul-ermeni-vakiflari/el-koyma-hikayeleri/bir-mahalleden-tek-hamlede-silinmek-kalfayan-yetimhanesi-binasi/78|publisher=Hrant Dink Foundation|accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref>|| The Orphanage School was forced to move to [[Uskudar]] where it is part of the Semerciyan School Premises.<ref name="BİR MAHALLEDEN TEK HAMLEDE SİLİNMEK: KALFAYAN YETİMHANESİ BİNASI"/>
|-
| [[Pangaltı Armenian Cemetery]]|| In 1865 [[cholera]] forced the Ottoman government to ban burials at the [[Pangaltı Armenian Cemetery|Pangaltı cemetery]] and move them to the [[Şişli Armenian Cemetery]].<ref name="İstanbul Ermeni kiliseleri">{{cite book|last=Tuğlacı|first=Pars|title=İstanbul Ermeni kiliseleri|year=1991|publisher=Pars Yayın|location=İstanbul|isbn=9789757423003|accessdate=21 December 2012}}</ref> <br>In the 1930s the Pangaltı cemetery was confiscated and demolished.<ref name="Varolmayanın tescili">{{cite news|last=Tan|first=Gokhan|title=Varolmayanın tescili|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/Radikal.aspx?aType=RadikalDetayV3&ArticleID=1057505&CategoryID=42|accessdate=21 December 2012|newspaper=Radikal|date=07/24/2011|language=Turkish}}</ref><br>The site has been redeveloped with the Divan Hotel, Hilton Hotel, Hyatt Regency Hotel and TRT Radio Buildings.<ref name="Istanbul Radio was an Armenian Cemetery">{{cite news|last=Nalci|first=Tamar|title=Istanbul Radio was an Armenian Cemetry|url=http://www.midyathabur.com/istanbul-radyosu-arazisi-ermeni-mezarligiydi-79926h.htm|accessdate=21 December 2012|newspaper=Midyat|language=Turkish}}</ref> The marble tombstones were sold in 1939 and used for the construction of the Inonu Gezi Park and the [[Eminonu]] square.<ref name="Varolmayanın tescili" />||In 1932 [[Mesrob I Naroyan of Constantinople|Mesrob Naroyan]], the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople, filed a lawsuit for the return of the property,<ref name="Bir Gasp Hikâyesi">{{cite news|last=Nalci|first=Tamar|title=Bir Gasp Hikâyesi|url=http://bianet.org/biamag/azinliklar/141423-istanbul-radyosu-arazisi-ermeni-mezarligiydi|accessdate=21 December 2012|newspaper=Bianet|date=August 27, 2011|language=Turkish}}</ref> but the Istanbul Municipality argued that he had been a legal non-entity in Turkey since his exile during the [[Armenian Genocide]]. Therefore he had no title to the land, even though he still functioned at the [[Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople|Kumkapi headquarters]] in Istanbul.<ref name="Bir Gasp Hikâyesi" /><ref name="Islam, secularism, and nationalism in modern Turkey: who is a Turk?">{{cite book|last=Cagatay|first=Soner|title=Islam, secularism, and nationalism in modern Turkey: who is a Turk?|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134174485|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wnu43A3ZVD8C&lpg=PA135&dq=armenian%20cemetery%20pangalti&pg=PA135#v=onepage&q=armenian%20cemetery%20pangalti&f=false|accessdate=21 December 2012|page=135}}</ref><br>The Patriarchate acknowledged the lack of title, but argued legitimacy to represent the cemetery on behalf of both the Armenian Catholic Community and the Surp Agop Armenian Hospital.<ref name="Islam, secularism, and nationalism in modern Turkey: who is a Turk?" /><br>The commission to investigate land ownership found the Patriarch's claims groundless, so title remains with the Istanbul municipality and the third party owners.<ref name="Bir Gasp Hikâyesi" /><ref name="Islam, secularism, and nationalism in modern Turkey: who is a Turk?" />
|-
| Selamet Han|| The Selamet Han, located in the [[Eminonu]] district of Istanbul, was built by architect [[Hovsep Aznavur]] and donated to the [[Surp Prgich Armenian Hospital]] by businessman [[Calouste Gulbenkian]] in 1954.<ref name="THE STATE AND NOT THE ECHR, RETURNS SELAMET HAN">{{cite news|title=THE STATE AND NOT THE ECHR, RETURNS SELAMET HAN|url=http://www.sabahenglish.com/National/2011/02/17/the_state_and_not_the_echr_returns_selamet_han|accessdate=22 December 2012|newspaper=Sabah}}</ref><br> The property was confiscated in 1974.<ref name="Turkey returns Selamet Han to Armenian foundation">{{cite news|title=Turkey returns Selamet Han to Armenian foundation|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&newsId=235948&link=235948|accessdate=22 December 2012|newspaper=Zaman|date=18 February 2011}}</ref>||In February 2011, the Selamet Han was returned to the [[Surp Prgich Armenian Hospital]].<ref name="Turkey returns Selamet Han to Armenian foundation" /><br> The director of the hospital, Bedros Sirinoglu, declared that the badly damaged building will be repaired and turned into a boutique hotel.<ref name="THE STATE AND NOT THE ECHR, RETURNS SELAMET HAN" /><ref name="Turkey returns Selamet Han to Armenian foundation" />
|-
|[[Kasimpasa (district)|Kasimpasa]] Surp Hagop Armenian Church and Surp Mesrobyan School||The Church was built in 1854 and the school in 1859 on property that the Armenian community had held for decades.<ref name="MAZBUTAYA ALINMIŞ BİR VAKIF: KASIMPAŞA SURP HAGOP KİLİSESİ VAKFI">{{cite web|title=MAZBUTAYA ALINMIŞ BİR VAKIF: KASIMPAŞA SURP HAGOP KİLİSESİ VAKFI|url=http://www.istanbulermenivakiflari.org/tr/istanbul-ermeni-vakiflari/el-koyma-hikayeleri/mazbutaya-alinmis-bir-vakif-kasimpasa-surp-hagop-kilisesi-vakfi/87|publisher=Hrant Dink Foundation|accessdate=22 December 2012|language=Turkish}}</ref> On May 9, 1919 a fire destroyed both the Church and the school.<ref name="MAZBUTAYA ALINMIŞ BİR VAKIF: KASIMPAŞA SURP HAGOP KİLİSESİ VAKFI" /> On May 3, 1973, the State Charitable Foundations Directorate seized the property.<ref name="MAZBUTAYA ALINMIŞ BİR VAKIF: KASIMPAŞA SURP HAGOP KİLİSESİ VAKFI" />|| The Church and School have been replaced by domestic residences.<ref name="MAZBUTAYA ALINMIŞ BİR VAKIF: KASIMPAŞA SURP HAGOP KİLİSESİ VAKFI" /> No civil suits have been filed.
|-
|Properties of [[Surp Prgich Armenian Hospital]]||In 1832 [[Harutyun Bezciyan]] built the Surp Prgich Armenian Hospital in the Yedikule district of Istanbul. It owned 19 properties that were confiscated, including :<ref name="THE STATE AND NOT THE ECHR, RETURNS SELAMET HAN" /><ref name="Special Report: What is Turkey Returning to Armenians?">{{cite news|last=Bedrosyan|first=Raffi|title=Special Report: What is Turkey Returning to Armenians?|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2011/08/31/property-return/|accessdate=24 December 2012|newspaper=Armenian Weekly|date=August 31, 2011}}</ref><ref name="UZUN SOLUKLU BİR HUKUK MÜCADELESİ: YEDİKULE SURP PIRGİÇ HASTANESİ VE İGS BİNASI DAVASI">{{cite web|title=UZUN SOLUKLU BİR HUKUK MÜCADELESİ: YEDİKULE SURP PIRGİÇ HASTANESİ VE İGS BİNASI DAVASI|url=http://www.istanbulermenivakiflari.org/tr/istanbul-ermeni-vakiflari/el-koyma-hikayeleri/uzun-soluklu-bir-hukuk-mucadelesi-yedikule-surp-pirgic-hastanesi-ve-igs-binasi-davasi/86|publisher=Hrant Dink Foundation|accessdate=24 December 2012|language=Turkish}}</ref><ref name="Court rules in favor of Armenian hospital">{{cite news|last=Ziflioglu|first=Vercihan|title=Court rules in favor of Armenian hospital|url=Court rules in favor of Armenian hospital|accessdate=24 December 2012|newspaper=Hurriyet|date=January/05/2012}}</ref>
* a building lot;
* a house and four shared lots in [[Sariyer]];
* a residential building in Moda;
* 2 residential buildings in [[Şişli]];
* one flat in [[Beyoglu]];
* a store in [[Kapalıçarşı]];
* a house in [[Uskudar]];
* one apartment building, one flat and a warehouse in [[Kurtuluş]];
* a four storey hotel in Taksim;
* a retail and office commercial building in [[Beyoglu]];
* an apartment flat in Çamlica;
* a 47,500 sq. m. vacant lot in [[Beykoz]];
* 44,000 sq. m. land adjacent to the Hospital, formerly the gardens of the Hospital, presently used as [[Zeytinburnu Stadium]] (confiscated by the Zeytinburnu Municipality in 1985);
* a sports building;
* a parking lot;
* a tea garden.
||In February 2011 after the successful acquisition of the Selamet Han, Bedros Sirinoglu, the president of the hospital, vowed to re-acquire all 19 properties.<ref name="THE STATE AND NOT THE ECHR, RETURNS SELAMET HAN" /> The hospital appealed to an Istanbul court which ruled in its favour by imposing an interim injunction on the 43,160 sq. m. estate (currently the [[Zeytinburnu Stadium]]) and the hospital.<ref name="THE STATE AND NOT THE ECHR, RETURNS SELAMET HAN" /><ref name="Court rules in favor of Armenian hospital" /><br>Sirinoglu has announced that the hospital has already received affirmative responses regarding seven of the 19 properties requested.<ref name="THE STATE AND NOT THE ECHR, RETURNS SELAMET HAN" />
|-
| Ohannes Kasabian Estate.<br />[[Çankaya Köşkü]] Presidential palace || The Çankaya Villa and vineyard in [[Ankara]] belonged to Ohannes Kasabian, a wealthy Armenian jeweller and merchant, until the [[Armenian Genocide]].<ref name="books.google.com">Keyzer, Zeynep. "[http://books.google.com/books?id=1W8XWWOxGgoC&pg=PA174&dq=%C3%87ankaya+++Ohannes+Kasabian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=333rTsLeLYKusQLhrMi3CQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%C3%87ankaya%20%20%20Ohannes%20Kasabian&f=false Of Forgotten People and Forgotten Places: Nation-building and the Dismantling of Ankara's Non-Muslim Landscapes]" in ''On Location: Heritage Cities and Sites'', ed. D. Fairchild Ruggles. New York: Springer, 2012, p. 174.</ref><ref name="On location heritage cities and sites">{{cite book|last=Ruggles,|first=D. Fairchild|title=On location heritage cities and sites|publisher=Springer|location=New York, NY|isbn=9781461411086|pages=244|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1W8XWWOxGgoC&lpg=PA174&ots=yGLk9pG6k6&dq=ohannes%20kasabian&pg=PA174#v=onepage&q=ohannes%20kasabian&f=false|accessdate=22 December 2012|page=174}}</ref><ref name="hurriyet.com.tr">{{tr icon}} Yalçın, Soner. "[http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/6196954.asp?yazarid=218&gid=61 Çankaya Köşkü’nün ilk sahibi Ermeni’ydi]." ''[[Hürriyet]]''. March 25, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2011.</ref><br>After the Kasabian family escaped from [[Ankara]] to [[Istanbul]] it was confiscated and occupied by the Bulgurluzâde family.<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="On location heritage cities and sites" /><br>In 1921 [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], the future President, purchased it from Bulgurluzâde Tevfik Efendi for 4,500 [[Turkish lira]].<ref name="hurriyet.com.tr"/><ref>Üngör, Ugur Ümit. "[http://www.armenianweekly.com/2011/04/22/confiscation-and-colonization-the-young-turk-seizure-of-armenian-property/ Confiscation and Colonization: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property]." ''[[Armenian Weekly]]''. April 22, 2011. Retrieved May 2, 2011.</ref><ref>{{tr icon}} {{cite news|url=http://yenisafak.com.tr/yazarlar/?t=20.05.2007&y=KursatBumin|accessdate=2009-01-05
|title=Bir varmış bir yokmuş...
|first=Kürşat
|last=Bumin
|work=[[Yeni Şafak]]
|date=May 20, 2007}}</ref>||<center>No civil suits have been filed.</center>
|-
|[[Incirlik Air Base]]<br>Claims of Rita Mahdessian, Alex Bakalian and Anais Haroutunian. ||The land on which the [[Incirlik Air Base]] is built was owned by Armenians who died in the [[Armenian Genocide]].<br>In 2010 three [[Armenian Americans]], who claim to have deeds ownership, sought compensation for {{convert|122|acre|km2}} of the land.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sassounian|first=Harut|title=Armenians Sue Turkey Claiming U.S. Air Base Land|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/harut-sassounian/armenians-sue-turkey-clai_b_800003.html|accessdate=30 December 2012|date=23 December 2010|agency=''[[The Huffington Post]]''}}</ref><ref name="Lawsuit Seeks Return of Seized Lands: Incirlik Airbase Sits on Disputed Territory News">{{cite news|title=Lawsuit Seeks Return of Seized Lands: Incirlik Airbase Sits on Disputed Territory News|url=http://www.mirrorspectator.com/2011/09/30/lawsuit-seeks-return-of-seized-lands-incirlik-airbase-sits-on-disputed-territory/|accessdate=22 December 2012|newspaper=Armenian Mirror Specter|date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> One claimant states that in 1923, after the genocide, the land was seized by the Bank of Agriculture.<ref>{{cite web|title=EurasiaNet Blog: Istanbul Calling Search This Blog Print version E-Mail US Lawsuit Charges Turkey's Incrilik Air Base Sits on Stolen Armenian Land|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64229|accessdate=22 December 2012|date=September 27, 2011}}</ref>||A U.S.A. court accepted the case and granted Turkey 21 days to respond.<ref name=hurryiet>{{cite news|title=US court requests Turkey's defense in lawsuit filed by Armenian-Americans|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=u.s.-court-requests-turkey8217s-defense-in-lawsuit-filed-by-armenian-8211-americans-2011-05-17|accessdate=30 December 2012|date=17 May 2011|agency=''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]''}}</ref> The defendant Turkish banks were granted an extension of the deadline until September 2011, and the lawsuit is now pending.<ref name=sabah>{{tr icon}} {{cite news|title=ABD’den, ‘Ermeniler İncirlik’i istiyor’ notası!|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/Gundem/2011/09/02/abdden-ermeniler-incirliki-istiyor-notasi|accessdate=30 December 2012|date=2 September 2011|agency=''[[Sabah]]''}}</ref>
|-
| Topkapi Armenian Cemetery <br />(today's [[Ulker]] factory)|| The Topkapi Armenian Cemetery was owned by the Surp Nigoghayos Armenian church and served the Armenian community from the 17-19th centuries. The last known burial was 7 April 1896.<ref name="TOPKAPI SURP NİGOĞAYOS ERMENİ KİLİSESİ, LEVON VARTUHYAN MEKTEBİ VE MEZARLIĞI VAKFI">{{cite web|title=TOPKAPI SURP NİGOĞAYOS ERMENİ KİLİSESİ, LEVON VARTUHYAN MEKTEBİ VE MEZARLIĞI VAKFI|url=http://www.istanbulermenivakiflari.org/tr/istanbul-ermeni-vakiflari/vakif-listesi/topkapi-surp-nigogayos-ermeni-kilisesi-levon-vartuhyan-mektebi-ve-mezarligi-vakfi/56|publisher=Hrant Dink Foundation|accessdate=28 December 2012|language=Turkish}}</ref><ref name="TOPKAPI SURP NİGOĞAYOS ERMENİ KİLİSESİ, LEVON VARTUHYAN MEKTEBİ VE MEZARLIĞI VAKFI" /><br> It was confiscated and taken over by Midhat Pasha who sold the tombstones.<ref name="TOPKAPI SURP NİGOĞAYOS ERMENİ KİLİSESİ, LEVON VARTUHYAN MEKTEBİ VE MEZARLIĞI VAKFI" /><br>It has been sold to third parties such as [[Ulker]] who built a factory there in 1948.<ref name="TOPKAPI SURP NİGOĞAYOS ERMENİ KİLİSESİ, LEVON VARTUHYAN MEKTEBİ VE MEZARLIĞI VAKFI" />||All suits filed for return of the property failed, but there are renewed claims are under the 2011 legislation.<ref name="TOPKAPI SURP NİGOĞAYOS ERMENİ KİLİSESİ, LEVON VARTUHYAN MEKTEBİ VE MEZARLIĞI VAKFI" />
|-
|[[Sanasarian College]]||Founded in 1881 by Armenian philanthropist Mgirdich Sanasarian, the Sanasarian College was an [[Armenian language]] [[higher education]] institution in the city of [[Erzurum]] under the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>The Republic of Armenia: The first year, 1918-1919 By Richard G. Hovannisian -p.436</ref><ref>A few facts about Turkey under the reign of Abdul Hamid II. By An American observer, p.54</ref> The school operated until the [[Armenian Genocide]] when most teachers were killed and the buildings ruined.<ref name="Armenian Patriarchate’s Bold Move To Sue the Turkish Government">{{cite news|title=Armenian Patriarchate’s Bold Move To Sue the Turkish Government|url=http://asbarez.com/101812/armenian-patriarchate%E2%80%99s-bold-move-to-sue-the-turkish-government/|accessdate=22 December 2012|newspaper=Asbarez|date=March 20, 2012}}</ref> The building was then used as the gathering place for the [[Erzurum Congress]].<ref name="SANSARYAN DAVASI">{{cite news|title=SANSARYAN DAVASI|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/sansaryan-davasi/ombudsman/haberdetay/26.03.2012/1519860/default.htm|accessdate=22 December 2012|newspaper=Millyet|language=Turkish}}</ref><ref name="Patrikhane Sanasaryan davasını Anadolu sathına yaydı">{{cite news|title=Patrikhane Sanasaryan davasını Anadolu sathına yaydı|url=http://www.agos.com.tr/haber.php?seo=patrikhane-sanasaryan-davasini-anadolu-sathina-yaydi&haberid=1043|accessdate=21 December 2012|language=Turkish}}</ref>||On March 14, 2012 the acting Armenian Patriarchate of Istanbul Aram Ateşyan, appealed to a high court in Ankara for the return of Sanasarian College.<ref name="SANSARYAN DAVASI" /><ref name="Patrikhane Sanasaryan davasını Anadolu sathına yaydı" /> The properties include nine plots of land in Erzurum; a garden house and farmland in the village of Aghveren; two plots in the village of Gez; and a large commercial property known as Sanasarian Han in the [[Sirkeci]] district of Istanbul. Court proceedings are still pending.<ref name="Patrikhane Sanasaryan davasını Anadolu sathına yaydı" />
|}

==See also==

*[[Armenian Genocide]]
*[[Varlik Vergisi]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{ external media
| align = right
| width = 300px
| image1 = <center>[http://www.istanbulermenivakiflari.org/tr/harita Interactive Map of Confiscated Armenian Properties around Istanbul] <br>(click the + sign below the logo to see the legend)</br></center>
}}
*[http://www.istanbulermenivakiflari.org/tr Hrant Dink Foundation: Website dedicated to the confiscation of properties. Site includes maps, detailed history, and status. (In Turkish)]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dymso_Wr5RM (Youtube Video) Prof. Ugur Ungor Discusses Property Confiscation During the Armenian Genocide (April 30, 2012)]

{{Turkish nationalism}}

[[Category:Anti-Armenianism]]
[[Category:Turkish Armenians]]
[[Category:Ottoman Armenians]]
[[Category:Armenian history]]
[[Category:Armenian Genocide]]
[[Category:Discrimination in Turkey]]

Aktuelle Version vom 15. Juli 2024, 00:05 Uhr

Auktion konfiszierter armenischer Güter in einer armenischen Kirche 1918 in Trabzon nach dem Völkermord.

Die Enteignung der Armenier in der Türkei war ein Prozess, in dessen Verlauf neben der vollständigen Deportation der armenischen Bevölkerung Anatoliens 1915 Eigentum, Vermögen sowie Ländereien von Armeniern und anderen christlichen Minderheiten von der osmanischen bzw. türkischen Regierung konfisziert wurde.[1] Das konfiszierte Eigentum der nicht-muslimischen Minderheit stellte die wirtschaftliche Grundlage der türkischen Republik dar.[2][3] Die Aneignung und Plünderung der armenischen, aber auch griechischen und jüdischen Vermögen fungierte ebenfalls als Grundlage für die Schaffung einer neuen türkischen Bourgeoisie.[3][4][5][6][7]

Zahlreiche Personen und türkische Unternehmen, darunter die Industriellenfamilien Sabancı und Koç, profitierten direkt oder indirekt von der Vertreibung und Eliminierung der Armenier und der Konfiszierung ihrer Besitztümer.[8][9][10][11]

Geschichte

Anordnung vom 22. Juni 1915 über die Konfiszierung der armenischen Schulen und deren Vergabe an moslemische Muhacir (Osmanisches Archiv des Ministerpräsidialamts)

Enteignung im Zuge des Völkermords

Am 16. Mai 1915 wurde während des Völkermords an den Armeniern ein Edikt erlassen, die Armenier zu enteignen.[12][13][14][15] Das Gesetz sah die Gründung von besonderen Komitees vor, die Listen und Berichte über all das „aufgegebene“ armenische Eigentum ausarbeiteten und die Güter und Waren „im Namen der Deportierten“ in sichere Verwahrung brachten.[12] Vergängliche Güter und Tiere sollten verkauft und die Einnahmen im Namen der Eigentümer hinterlegt werden. Bauernhöfe, Olivenhaine, Häuser, Weingüter wurden unter den türkischen Flüchtlingen verteilt. Gebäude, die die türkischen Neuankömmlinge nicht annahmen, wurden öffentlich versteigert.

Am 29. Mai 1915 verabschiedete das Komitee für Einheit und Fortschritt das Tehcir-Gesetz, das die Deportation von Personen autorisierte, die als Bedrohung für die öffentliche Sicherheit eingeschätzt wurden.[16]:S. 186–188

Das „Temporäre Gesetz der Zwangsenteignung und Konfiszierung“ wurde am 23. Oktober 1915 in der englischsprachigen osmanischen Zeitung The Orient veröffentlicht, das alle elf Artikel veröffentlichte.

Ein anderes Gesetz wurde am 13. September 1915 verabschiedet, genannt „Temporäres Gesetz der Zwangsenteignung und Konfiszierung“, das besagte, dass das Armeniern gehörende Eigentum, einschließlich Ländereien, Viehbestand und Häuser, von den Behörden entschädigungslos konfisziert werden konnte. Rechtsexperten beschreiben das Gesetz als „Legalisierung von Raub“.[1][17] Das Gesetz regelte detailliert, wie Ansprüche registriert werden konnten.[18] Dieses Gesetz wurde vom osmanischen Parlamentsabgeordneten Ahmed Rızâ abgelehnt:

“It is unlawful to designate the Armenian assets as „abandoned goods“ for the Armenians, the proprietors, did not abandon their properties voluntarily; they were forcibly, compulsorily removed from their domiciles and exiled. Now the government through its efforts is selling their goods… If we are a constitutional regime functioning in accordance with constitutional law we can’t do this. This is atrocious. Grab my arm, eject me from my village, then sell my goods and properties, such a thing can never be permissible. Neither the conscience of the Ottomans nor the law can allow it.”

„Es ist gesetzeswidrig, das armenische Vermögen für die Armenier als „aufgegebene Güter“ zu klassifizieren, die Eigentümer gaben ihr Eigentum nicht freiwillig auf; sie wurden gewaltsam und erzwungenermaßen von ihren Wohnorten verschleppt und vertrieben. Nun verkauft die Regierung in ihrem Bemühungen deren Güter… Falls wir ein verfassungsmäßiges Regime wären, das im Einklang mit dem Verfassungsrecht arbeitet, können wir dies nicht machen. Das ist grauenhaft. Nimm mich am Arm, wirf mich aus meinem Dorf, verkaufe dann meine Waren und mein Eigentum, so etwas ist nie zulässig. Dies erlaubt weder das Gewissen der Osmanen noch das Gesetz.“[19]

Der türkische Geschichtswissenschaftler Uğur Ümit Üngör erklärt in seinem Artikel Seeing like a nation-state: Young Turk social engineering in Eastern Turkey, 1913–50:

“The elimination of the Armenian population left the state an infrastructure of Armenian property, which was used for the progress of Turkish (settler) communities. In other words: the construction of an étatist Turkish ‘national economy’ was unthinkable without the destruction and expropriation of Armenians.”

„Die Beseitigung der armenischen Bevölkerung hinterließ dem Staat eine Infrastruktur an armenischem Eigentum, das für den Fortgang der türkischen (Siedler-)Gemeinden genutzt wurde. In anderen Worten: Der Aufbau einer etatistischen türkischen ‘Nationalökonomie’ war ohne die Vernichtung und Enteignung der Armenier undenkbar.“[20]

Konfiszierung in der Türkei

Am 15. April 1923, kurz vor der Unterzeichnung des Lausanner Vertrags, konfiszierte der Staat durch ein Gesetz namens „Gesetz der Aufgegebenen Eigentümer“ im Zuge des Türkischen Befreiungskrieges die Besitztümer aller Armenier, die nicht mehr anwesend waren.[21]

Nach der Unterzeichnung des Deutsch-türkischen Freundschaftsvertrages 1941 mit dem nationalsozialistischen Deutschen Reich trieb die türkische Regierung eine Kapitalsteuer ein, die Varlık Vergisi, welche die nichtmuslimischen Bürger der Türkei unverhältnismäßig hart traf. Als Folge der Nichtzahlung der Steuer[22] sammelte die türkische Regierung 324 Millionen Lira (270 Millionen $ zu der Zeit) durch die Konfiszierung nichtmuslimischer Eigentümer ein.[22]

1974 wurde ein neues Gesetz verabschiedet, welches besagte, dass nichtmuslimische Treuhandschaften nicht mehr besitzen dürfen, als unter ihrem Namen 1936 registriert war.[23][24][25] Als Folge dessen wurden mehr als 1400 Besitztümer von Stiftungen der Istanbuler Armeniergemeinde ab dem Jahr 1936 rückwirkend zu illegalem Erwerb erklärt und vom Staat beschlagnahmt.[24][26] Dies umfasste Kirchen, Schulen, Wohnbauten, Krankenhäuser, Sommercamps, Friedhöfe und Waisenhäuser.

Als Versuch, die Türkei mit EU-Standards in Einklang zu bringen, wurde durch die Demokratischen Linkspartei (DSP) unter Ministerpräsident Bülent Ecevit die Offenlegung der osmanischen Landregistrierung, Schriftgüter und Urkunden in Erwägung gezogen. Dies wurde nach einer Warnung des Nationalen Sicherheitsrates der türkischen Streitkräfte von der regierenden islamischen AKP am 26. August 2005 abgelehnt:

“The Ottoman records kept at the Land Register and Cadaster Surveys General Directorate offices must be sealed and not available to the public, as they have the potential to be exploited by alleged genocide claims and property claims against the State Charitable Foundation assets. Opening them to general public use is against state interests.”

„Die osmanischen Aufzeichnungen, die in den Generaldirektionsbüros der Grundbuch- und Katastererhebung aufbewahrt werden, müssen verschlossen und der Öffentlichkeit nicht zugänglich gemacht werden, da sie das Potential haben, von den Behauptungen zum angeblichen Völkermord und Eigentumsansprüchen gegen die Vermögen des Staatlichen Wohltätigkeitsstiftung ausgenutzt zu werden. Die Öffnung derer zum allgemeinen öffentlichen Gebrauch ist gegen die Interessen des Staates.“[26]

Am 15. Juni 2011 stimmte das United States House Foreign Affairs Committee mit 43 zu 1 für die Unterstützung einer Resolution (House Resolution 306), die die Republik Türkei dazu aufruft, „ihr christliches Erbe zu schützen und die konfiszierten Kircheneigentümer zurückzugeben.“[27][28]

Heutige Einschätzung

Die Hrant-Dink-Stiftung gibt an, dass 661 Eigentümer allein in Istanbul von der osmanischen und der späteren türkischen Regierung enteignet wurden, wodurch nur noch 580 der 1.328 Eigentümer übrig bleiben, welche von den 53 armenischen Stiftungen genutzt und betrieben werden (Schulen, Kirchen, Krankenhäuser etc.). Das Schicksal der verbliebenen 87 konnte nicht festgestellt werden.[29][30][31] Von den 661 enteigneten Eigentümern wurden bislang lediglich 143 (21,6 %) den Stiftungen zurückgegeben.[29][30][31][32]

Die Hrant-Dink-Stiftung forschte lange Zeit über die Enteignungen und bietet heute Beschreibungen, Fotografien und Grenzlinien auf ihrer interaktiven Kartenquelle.[33]

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ a b Ugur Üngör, Mehmet Polatel: Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property. Hrsg.: Continuum International Publishing Group. 2011, ISBN 1-4411-3055-1, S. 224 (online [abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2012]).
  2. ↑ Samuel Totten: Impediments to the Prevention and Intervention of Genocide. Transaction Publishers, 2013, S. 55.
  3. ↑ a b Kamil Taylan: Türkiye – Türkei – Die gespaltene Republik. ARTE, 2013.
  4. ↑ Fatma Müge Göke: The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era. Tauris Academic Studies, 2011, S. 119.
  5. ↑ Richard G. Hovannisian: Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide. Wayne State University Press, 1998, S. 37.
  6. ↑ Andreas Bähr, Peter Burschel, Gabriele Jancke: Räume des Selbst. Selbstzeugnisforschung transkulturell. Böhlau, 2007, S. 165.
  7. ↑ Metin Heper, Sabri Sayari: The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey. Routledge, 2012, S. 284.
  8. ↑ Sidney E.P. Nowill: Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey. Troubador Publishing, 2011, S. 77.
  9. ↑ Ayşe Buğra: State and Business in Modern Turkey. A Comparative Study. SUNY Press, 1994, S. 82.
  10. ↑ Uğur Üngör, Mehmet Polatel: Confiscation and Destruction. The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property. Bloomsbury Academic, 2011, S. 132.
  11. ↑ Geoffrey Jones: Entrepreneurship and Multinationals: Global Business and the Making of the Modern World. Edward Elgar Pub, 2013, S. 35.
  12. ↑ a b Shavarsh Toriguian: The Armenian question and international law. Hrsg.: ULV Press. 2. Auflage. La Verne, Calif., U.S.A. 1988, ISBN 978-0-911707-13-7.
  13. ↑ Armenian Genocide Timeline. Abgerufen am 22. Februar 2013.
  14. ↑ St. Vartan Press (Hrsg.): The Armenian Genocide: Facts and Documents. New York City, New York 1985, S. 11.
  15. ↑ Articles 2, 3, 6, 11 and 22 of the governmental order of May 16, 1915, from Talaat, head of the Ministry of Interior, in Constantinople directing the seizure and confiscation of Armenian buildings apply, also, to church buildings and their property. In: The Armenian Review. Band 18. Hairenik Association, 1965, S. 3.
  16. ↑ Peter Balakian: The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. Hrsg.: HarperCollins. New York 2003, ISBN 0-06-019840-0.
  17. ↑ Vahakn N. Dadrian: The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. Hrsg.: Berghahn Books. Oxford 1995, ISBN 1-57181-666-6.
  18. ↑ "Abandoned Properties" Law. In: The Orient. Istanbul 13. Oktober 1915, S. 1.
  19. ↑ Y. Bayur, Turk Inkilabi, Vol. III, Teil 3, in Dadrian, History of the Armenian Genocide.
  20. ↑ U. U. Ungor (2008). Seeing like a nation-state: Young Turk social engineering in Eastern Turkey, 1913–50. Journal of Genocide Research, 10(1), 15–39.
  21. ↑ Gidel, Lapradelle (1929). Le Fur. Confiscation des Biens des Refugies Armeniens par le Gouvernement Turc, S. 87–90 (französisch).
  22. ↑ a b Varlik vergisi (asset tax) – one of the many black chapters of Turkish history... In: Assyrian Chaldean Syriac Association. Abgerufen am 14. Oktober 2011.
  23. ↑ Yasemin Varlık: Tuzla Ermeni Çocuk Kampı'nın İzleri. In: BİAnet. 2. Juli 2001, archiviert vom Original (nicht mehr online verfügbar) am 6. Dezember 2006; abgerufen am 20. März 2007.
  24. ↑ a b Rubina Peroomian: And those who continued living in Turkey after 1915 : the metamorphosis of the post-genocide Armenian identity as reflected in artistic literature. Hrsg.: Armenisches Völkermord-Museumsinstitut. Jerewan 2008, ISBN 978-99941-963-2-6, S. 277 (online [abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2012]).
  25. ↑ Fraser Susan: Turkey to return confiscated property. Guardian, 28. August 2011, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2012.
  26. ↑ a b Raffi Bedrosyan: Revisiting the Turkification of Confiscated Armenian Assets. Armenian Weekly, 17. April 2012, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2012.
  27. ↑ Tierney Smith: House Panel Approves Resolution Calling on Turkey to Return Confiscated Christian Churches. CNS News, 5. August 2011, abgerufen am 24. Dezember 2012.
  28. ↑ U.S. Congress House Resolution 306. Abgerufen am 24. Dezember 2012.
  29. ↑ a b Raffi Bedrosyan: '2012 Declaration': A History of Seized Armenian Properties in Istanbul. Armenian Weekly, 6. Dezember 2012, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2012.
  30. ↑ a b Vercihan Ziflioğlu: Dink Foundation urges further steps for seized Armenian properties. Hürriyet, 14. Dezember 2012, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2012.
  31. ↑ a b General Overview. Hrant-Dink-Stiftung, archiviert vom Original (nicht mehr online verfügbar) am 4. Dezember 2012; abgerufen am 27. Dezember 2012 (türkisch).  Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.istanbulermenivakiflari.org
  32. ↑ Devlet tarafından yağmalanan Ermeni mallarının tam dökümü yayımlandı. Haberlink, 2. Dezember 2012, abgerufen am 27. Dezember 2012 (türkisch).
  33. ↑ Interactive map of the confiscated Armenian proprieties in Istanbul (Memento des Originals vom 4. Dezember 2012 im Internet Archive)  Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.istanbulermenivakiflari.org
Quelle: https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enteignung_der_Armenier_in_der_T%C3%BCrkei&diff=246764205&oldid=118571489