Over the centuries, cities in Europe have changed a great deal, rising and falling in size and influence. These tables give an idea of estimated population at various dates from the earliest times to the most recent:
Timeline: Neolithic–Bronze Age–Iron Age–ancient Greece–Roman Republic (7000–1 B.C.)
Timeline: Roman Empire–modern age (1–1800 A.D.)
City | 1 – 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 900 | 1000 | 1100 | 1200 | 1300 | 1400 | 1500 | 1600 | 1700 | 1800 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agrigento | 50,000 | [163] | |||||||||||||||||
Athens | 30,000 – 90,000 | 110,000 | 25,000 | 35,000 – 50,000 | 40,000 | [164][165][166][167] | |||||||||||||
Aquileia | 12,000 – 100,000 | 100,000 | [168][169][170] | ||||||||||||||||
Augsburg | 25,000 – 50,000 | 25,000 – 50,000 | 12,000 | 50,000 | 30,000 – 50,000 | 45,000 – 50,000 – 100,000 | 26,000 | 28,000 – 32,000 | [171][172][173][174][175][176][177] | ||||||||||
Amalfi | 80,000 | [178] | |||||||||||||||||
Antwerp | 5,000 | 20,000 | 100,000 – 200,000 | 46,000 – 90,000 | 75,000 | [179][180][181][182][183] | |||||||||||||
Arles | 75,000 – 100,000 | [184][185][186] | |||||||||||||||||
Autun | 40,000 – 100,000 | [187][188][189] | |||||||||||||||||
Amsterdam | 30,000 | 65,000 – 100,000 – 175,000 | 175,000 – 200,000 – 210,000 | 195,000 – 201,000 | [182][190][191][192] | ||||||||||||||
Barcelona | 50,000 | 60,000 – 70,000 | 100,000 | [192][193][194][195] | |||||||||||||||
Bruges | 50,000 | 125,000 – 200,000 | [196][197] | ||||||||||||||||
Bucharest | 60,000 | 50,000 | [198] | ||||||||||||||||
Brussels | 30,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 70,000 | [181][191][199] | ||||||||||||||
Bordeaux | 15,000 | 30,000 – 40,000 | 50,000 | 100,000 | [200][201][202][166][170] | ||||||||||||||
Berlin | 6,000 | 12,000 | 20,000 | 172,000 | [191][203] | ||||||||||||||
Bologna | 35,000 | 50,000 – 70,000 | [166][204][205] | ||||||||||||||||
Bolgar | 25,000 – 30,000 | 50,000 | [198] | ||||||||||||||||
Capua | 30,000 | [170] | |||||||||||||||||
Carnuntum | 12,000 – 50,000 | 50,000 | 50,000 | [206][207][208] | |||||||||||||||
Cádiz | 100,000 | 87,000 | [189][209] | ||||||||||||||||
Corinth | 100,000 – 200,000 – 700,000 | 45,000 + in 856 AD.[210] | [62][211][212][213][214] | ||||||||||||||||
Constantinople | 12,000 | 400,000 | 400,000 – 800,000 | 100,000 – 800,000 | 100,000 – 800,000 | 100,000 – 250,000 | 500,000 – 1,000,000 | 500,000 | 300,000 | 400,000 | 70,000 | 100,000 | 400,000 – 660,000 | 700,000 | 300,000 – 700,000 | 400,000 – 570,000 | [215][216][217][218][219][220][221][222][223][224][166][167] | ||
Córdoba | 45,000 | 350,000 | 60,000 | [189][204][225] | |||||||||||||||
Cologne | 40,000 | 40,000 | 15,000 – 20,000 | 21,000 | 20,000 | 21,000 – 50,000 | 50,000 – 60,000 | 50,000 – 60,000 | 40,000 | 45,000 | 40,000 | 50,000 | [205][226][227][228][229][230] | ||||||
Danzig | 30,000 | 60,000 – 80,000 | [171][231] | ||||||||||||||||
Dublin | 1,000 – 2,000 | 4,000 – 5,000 | 10,000 | 20,000 | 75,000 | 200,000 | [232][233][234][235] | ||||||||||||
Edirne (Adrianople) | 10,000 | 28,000 | 125,000 | 160,000 – 183,000 | 93,000 | 100,000 | [198] | ||||||||||||
Feodosia | 40,000 | 85,000 – 88,000 | 50,000 | 40,000 | 36,000 – 44,000 | [198] | |||||||||||||
Florence | 15,000 | 50,000 – 60,000 | 80,000 – 120,000 | 70,000 | 70,000 | [236][182][205][226][237][238] | |||||||||||||
Gela | 30,000 | [163] | |||||||||||||||||
Genoa | 80,000 | 50,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 60,000 | 70,000 | 90,000 | [236][182][205][239][240][241] | |||||||||||
Ghent | 5,000 | 10,000 | 60,000 – 80,000 | 70,000 – 80,000 | 80,000 – 150,000 – 175,000 – 200,000 | [180][196][242][243][244][245][246][247][193] | |||||||||||||
Gortyna | 22,500 | [248] | |||||||||||||||||
Granada | 26,000 | 150,000 | 100,000 | 70,000 | [249][250][200] | ||||||||||||||
Hamburg | 8,000 | 15,000 – 20,000 | 40,000 – 60,000 – 100,000 | 63,000 – 75,000 | 117,000 – 130,000 | [171][173][177][231][191][251] | |||||||||||||
Kyiv | 10,000 | 18,000 | [252][253] | ||||||||||||||||
Lisbon | 35,000 | 50,000 – 60,000 | 60,000 – 70,000 – 120,000 | 120,000 – 140,000 | 200,000 | 237,000 | [209][254][255][256] | ||||||||||||
London | 30,000 | 45,000 – 50,000 – 60,000 | 10,000 – 12,000 | 20,000 – 25,000 | 10,000 – 20,000 | 20,000 – 25,000 | 50,000 – 100,000 | 50,000 – 100,000 – 120,000 | 225,000 – 410,000 | 550,000 – 700,000 | 861,000 – 1,000,000 | [224][257][258][259][260][261][262][263][264] | |||||||
Lugdunum (Lyon) | 50,000 – 100,000 – 200,000 | 50,000 – 100,000 – 200,000 | 12,000 | 20,000 | 40,000 – 70,000 | 40,000 – 70,000 | 100,000 | 150,000 | [231][265][205][266][267][268][269][270] | ||||||||||
Leuven | 45,000 | [271] | |||||||||||||||||
Lublin | 40,000 – 70,000 | [198] | |||||||||||||||||
Lübeck | 6,000 | 24,000 | 30,000 – 37,000 | 32,000 | 24,000 | [198] | |||||||||||||
Madrid | 60,000 | 105,000 | 182,000 | [231][191][251] | |||||||||||||||
Magdeburg | 30,000 | 40,000 – 45,000 | [171][230] | ||||||||||||||||
Marseille | 15,000 | 80,000 – 100,000 | 80,000 | 83,000 – 100,000 | [231][191][192][251][166][170] | ||||||||||||||
Mainz | 15,000 | 20,000 | 30,000 | 25,000 | 24,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 – 42,000 | [272][166][170] | |||||||||||
Messina | 100,000 | [190][251][273] | |||||||||||||||||
Milan | 30,000 – 40,000 | 40,000 | 100,000 | 90,000 | 200,000 | 125,000 | 100,000 | 180,000 | 113,000 | 122,000 – 250,000 | [50][236][274][189][191][240][251][275][276][277][278][170] | ||||||||
Metz | 40,000 | 25,000 | 40,000 | [265][269][279] | |||||||||||||||
Montpellier | 30,000 – 40,000 | 15,000 | 40,000 | [265][280] | |||||||||||||||
Moscow | 20,000 – 30,000 | 30,000 – 40,000 | 100,000 | 200,000 | 200,000 | 270,000 | [281][282] | ||||||||||||
Narbonne | 20,000 | 30,000 – 50,000 | 31,000 | [187][205][166][170] | |||||||||||||||
Naples | 30,000 | 50,000 | 30,000 | 30,000 | 50,000 – 60,000 | 200,000 | 350,000 | 207,000 | 500,000 | [236][191][205][283][284][285][286][287][288][289] | |||||||||
Nimes | 40,000 – 60,000 | 40,000 | [265][290][291][292][293] | ||||||||||||||||
Nuremberg | 10,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 – 52,000 | 40,000 – 50,000 – 100,000 | 27,000 | [173][175][177][251][294][295][296] | ||||||||||||
Ostia Antica | 20,000 – 50,000 – 100,000 | 50,000 – 100,000 | [297][298][299][300][301][302] | ||||||||||||||||
Ohrid | 40,000 | [198] | |||||||||||||||||
Palermo | 60,000 – 350,000 | 150,000 | 150,000 | 50,000 | 100,000 | 124,000 | 135,000 | [303][190][191][304][256] | |||||||||||
Paris | 8,000 | 30,000 | 20,000 – 30,000 | 20,000 – 30,000 | 20,000 | 50,000 | 110,000 – 160,000 | 228,000 – 275,000 – 300,000 | 280,000 | 225,000 | 245,000 – 420,000 | 515,000 | 546,000 – 830,000 | [205][224][305][306][307][265][308][309][166][310] | |||||
Padua | 25,000 – 40,000 | 25,000 – 40,000 | 25,000 – 40,000 | 40,000 | [166][311] | ||||||||||||||
Philippi | 10,000 – 100,000 | [312][167] | |||||||||||||||||
Pliska | 44,000 | [198] | |||||||||||||||||
Plovdiv | 20,000 | 20,000 | 30,000 | [198] | |||||||||||||||
Pozzuoli | 30,000 – 100,000 | [50][313][174][170] | |||||||||||||||||
Pskov | 35,000 | 52,000 – 60,000 | [198] | ||||||||||||||||
Preslav | 60,000 | 60,000 | [314] | ||||||||||||||||
Prague | 10,000[315] | 22,000 | 40,000 – 77,000 | 95,000 – 100,000 | 70,000 | 100,000 | 48,000 | 77,000 – 100,000 | [316][191][317] | ||||||||||
Regensburg | 25,000 | 40,000 | [274][269] | ||||||||||||||||
Reims | 30,000 – 50,000 | 30,000 | [187][265] | ||||||||||||||||
Rome | 1,000,000 – 1,650,000 | 1,000,000 | 1,200,000 | 1,100,000 | 100,000 | 90,000 | 40,000 – 50,000 | 50,000 | 30,000 | 20,000 | 50,000 – 55,000 | 90,000 – 110,000 | 120,000 – 150,000 | 150,000 | [150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][182][215][318][319][320][321][322][323][166][170] | ||||
Ravenna | 50,000 | 50,000 | [184] | ||||||||||||||||
Rhodes | 40,000 | [167] | |||||||||||||||||
Rouen | 10,000 | 30,000 | 40,000 | 70,000 | 40,000 – 70,000 | 40,000 – 70,000 | 63,000 | 80,000 – 90,000 | [191][265][269][270][317][324][325] | ||||||||||
Saint Petersburg | 100,000+ | 220,000 – 425,000 | [192][326] | ||||||||||||||||
Salerno | 50,000 | 50,000 | 30,000 | 4,000 | [205][304] | ||||||||||||||
Smolensk | 20,000 – 30,000 – 40,000 | 25,000 | 50,000 | 64,000 | 40,000 | [327][328] | |||||||||||||
Sarai | 100,00 – 600,000 | [329] | |||||||||||||||||
Speyer | 30,000+ | 30,000 | 20,000 | [198] | |||||||||||||||
Seville | 90,000 | 150,000 | 25,000 | 100,000 – 300,000 | 80,000 | 96,000 | [330][190][191][200] | ||||||||||||
Siena | 50,000 – 120,000[331] | 25,000 | [332] | ||||||||||||||||
Stara Zagora | 35,000 | 30,000 | 40,000 | 38,000 | [198] | ||||||||||||||
Syracuse, Sicily | 80,000 – 90,000 | [189][163] | |||||||||||||||||
Thessaloniki | 30,000 – 200,000 | 50,000 | 40,000 | 150,000 | 150,000 | 100,000 – 150,000 | 100,000 – 150,000 | [252][333][334][335][336][337][166][167] | |||||||||||
Trakai | 50,000 | [198] | |||||||||||||||||
Trnovo | 48,000 | 35,000 | [198] | ||||||||||||||||
Targoviste | 25,000 – 40,000 | 50,000 – 60,000 | 45,000 – 60,000 | [198] | |||||||||||||||
Trier | 70,000 – 80,000 – 100,000 | 70,000 – 80,000 – 100,000 | 15,000 | 20,000 | [205][269][338][339][340][184] | ||||||||||||||
Toulouse | 20,000 | 40,000 | 50,000 | 30,000 | 40,000 | 24,000 | 50,000 | 43,000 | 50,000 | [341][271][265][342][343][344][345] | |||||||||
Venice | 60,000 | 80,000 | 110,000 – 180,000 | 110,000 – 150,000 | 100,000 – 170,000 | 200,000 | 140,000 | 140,000 | [236][274][238][239][346] | ||||||||||
Verona | 20,000 – 25,000 | 40,000 | [347][348] | ||||||||||||||||
Veliky Novgorod | 10,000 – 15,000 – 18,000 | 20,000 – 30,000 – 40,000 | 50,000 – 60,000 – 400,000 | 50,000 | [349][350][351][352] | ||||||||||||||
Vienna | 15,000 – 20,000 | 15,000 – 20,000 | 12,000 | 20,000 | 24,000 | 45,000 | 30,000 – 50,000 – 60,000 | 100,000 – 113,000 | 250,000 | [171][177][231][191][296][208][353][354] | |||||||||
Worms | 28,000 – 60,000 | 20,000 | [198] | ||||||||||||||||
Ypres | 40,000 – 80,000 – 200,000 | 40,000 – 80,000 – 200,000 | [205][201][355][356][357][358][359][360] | ||||||||||||||||
Zadar | 30,000 | [361] |
Data from Hohenberg and Lees (1985)
|
|
|
Data from Chandler (1987)
City | Country | 430 B.C. | 200 B.C. | A.D. 100 | A.D. 361 | A.D. 500 | A.D. 622 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seville | Spain | 37–40,000 | 40,000 | ||||
London | United Kingdom | 30,000 | |||||
Syracuse | Italy | 125,000 | 100,000 | 51–60,000 | 45–50,000 | ||
Rome | Italy | 35,000 | 150,000 | 450,000 | 150,000 | 100,000 | 50,000 |
Milan | Italy | 30,000 | 40,000 | ||||
Athens | Greece | 155,000 | 75,000 | 75,000 | 50–60,000 | ||
Corinth | Greece | 70,000 | 70,000 | 50,000 | |||
Byzantium/ Constantinople | Turkey | 36,000 | 300,000 | 400,000 | 350,000 |
City | Country | 800 | 900 | 1000 | 1100 | 1150 | 1200 | 1250 | 1300 | 1350 | 1400 | 1450 | 1500 | 1550 | 1575 | 1600 | 1650 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
London | United Kingdom | 15,000 | 25,000 | 40,000 | 45,000 | 50,000 | 60,000 | 50,000 | 74,000 | 112,000 | 187,000 | 410,000 | |||||
Lisbon | Portugal | 15,000 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 35,000 | 45,000 | 55,000 | 60,000 | 55,000 | 62,000 | 85,000 | 100,000 | 170,000 | ||||
Córdoba | Spain | 160,000 | 200,000 | 450,000 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 40,000 | 36,000 | 30,000 | 32,000 | ||||||
Seville | Spain | 35,000 | 40,000 | 90,000 | 125,000 | 125,000 | 150,000 | 75,000 | 90,000 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 46,000 | 70,000 | 100,000 | 126,000 | 60,000 |
Granada | Spain | 60,000 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 75,000 | 90,000 | 60,000 | 90,000 | 165,000 | 70,000 | 70,000 | 60,000 | 68,000 | ||||
Madrid | Spain | 80,000 | 125,000 | ||||||||||||||
Paris | France | 25,000 | 20,000 | 30,000 | 50,000 | 110,000 | 160,000 | 228,000 | 215,000 | 280,000 | 150,000 | 185,000 | 210,000 | 220,000 | 245,000 | 455,000 | |
Amsterdam | Netherlands | 48,000 | 165,000 | ||||||||||||||
Rome | Italy | 50,000 | 40,000 | 35,000 | 35,000 | 35,000 | 30,000 | 33,000 | 38,000 | 58,000 | 70,000 | 102,000 | 110,000 | ||||
Turin | Italy | 25,000 | 30,000 | 30,000 | 35,000 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 75,000 | 114,000 | 209,000 | 215,000 | 224,000 | 265,000 | |||
Milan | Italy | 25,000 | 20,000 | 30,000 | 42,000 | 45,000 | 60,000 | 65,000 | 60,000 | 50,000 | 80,000 | 83,000 | 89,000 | 75,000 | 98,000 | 107,000 | 105,000 |
Palermo | Italy | 35,000 | 75,000 | 90,000 | 125,000 | 150,000 | 75,000 | 35,000 | 25,000 | 39,000 | 60,000 | 70,000 | 105,000 | 132,000 | |||
Venice | Italy | 35,000 | 45,000 | 55,000 | 60,000 | 70,000 | 90,000 | 110,000 | 85,000 | 110,000 | 100,000 | 115,000 | 171,000 | 157,000 | 151,000 | 134,000 | |
Copenhagen | Denmark | 15,000 | 22,000 | 30,000 | 40,000 | 55,000 | 76,000 | 80,000 | 84,000 | 90,000 | 110,000 | ||||||
Prague | Czech Republic | 25,000 | 35,000 | 35,000 | 33,000 | ||||||||||||
Constantinople/ Istanbul | Turkey | 250,000 | 300,000 | 300,000 | 200,000 | 200,000 | 150,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 80,000 | 75,000 | 45,000 | 200,000 | 660,000 | 680,000 | 700,000 | 700,000 |
Smolensk | Russia | 80,000 | 100,000 | 120,000 | |||||||||||||
Moscow | Russia | 30,000 | 80,000 | 75,000 | 60,000 | 80,000 | 100,000 |
City | Country | 1675 | 1700 | 1750 | 1775 | 1800 | 1825 | 1850 | 1862 | 1875 | 1900 | 1914 | 1925 | 1936 | 1950 | 1975 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
London | United Kingdom | 485,000 | 550,000 | 676,000 | 710,000 | 861,000 | 1,335,000 | 2,320,000 | 2,803,000 | 4,241,000 | 6,480,000 | 7,419,000 | 7,742,000 | 9,710,000 | 8,860,000 | 10,500,000 |
Lisbon | Portugal | 178,000 | 188,000 | 213,000 | 219,000 | 237,000 | 258,000 | 262,000 | 280,000 | 243,000 | 363,000 | 455,000 | 567,000 | 875,000 | 1,600,000 | |
Córdoba | Spain | 27,000 | 28,000 | 34,000 | 52,000 | |||||||||||
Seville | Spain | 80,000 | 68,000 | 96,000 | 83,000 | 117,000 | 148,000 | 212,000 | 383,000 | 685,000 | ||||||
Granada | Spain | 35,000 | 45,000 | 53,000 | 58,000 | 75,000 | ||||||||||
Madrid | Spain | 115,000 | 105,000 | 110,000 | 132,000 | 182,000 | 201,000 | 216,000 | 303,000 | 373,000 | 539,000 | 623,000 | 791,000 | 1,220,000 | 1,527,000 | 4,150,000 |
Paris | France | 540,000 | 530,000 | 556,000 | 600,000 | 547,000 | 855,000 | 1,314,000 | 1,800,000 | 2,250,000 | 3,330,000 | 4,000,000 | 4,800,000 | 5,950,000 | 5,900,000 | 9,400,000 |
Amsterdam | Netherlands | 195,000 | 210,000 | 219,000 | 209,000 | 195,000 | 196,000 | 225,000 | 268,000 | 289,000 | 510,000 | 601,000 | 718,000 | 859,000 | 1,800,000 | |
Rome | Italy | 105,000 | 138,000 | 146,000 | 148,000 | 142,000 | 125,000 | 158,000 | 194,000 | 251,000 | 438,000 | 570,000 | 758,000 | 1,155,000 | 1,665,000 | 3,600,000 |
Naples | Italy | 170,000 | 207,000 | 310,000 | 355,000 | 430,000 | 350,000 | 413,000 | 447,000 | 450,000 | 563,000 | 691,000 | 852,000 | 1,210,000 | 1,900,000 | |
Milan | Italy | 114,000 | 113,000 | 110,000 | 117,000 | 122,000 | 156,000 | 182,000 | 226,000 | 267,000 | 491,000 | 655,000 | 917,000 | 1,103,000 | 1,400,000 | 3,800,000 |
Palermo | Italy | 128,000 | 125,000 | 111,000 | 127,000 | 135,000 | 154,000 | 170,000 | 175,000 | 188,000 | 255,000 | 370,000 | 470,000 | 672,000 | ||
Venice | Italy | 138,000 | 143,000 | 158,000 | 151,000 | 146,000 | 99,000 | 141,000 | 171,000 | 226,000 | 354,000 | |||||
Berlin | Germany | 26,000 | 113,000 | 136,000 | 172,000 | 222,000 | 446,000 | 582,000 | 1,045,000 | 2,707,000 | 3,500,000 | 4,013,000 | 4,226,000 | 3,707,000 | 2,000,000 | |
Budapest | Hungary | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 309,208 | 733,385 | 880,371 | 960,995 | 1,060,431 | 1,629,000 | 2,026,543 |
Prague | Czech Republic | 48,000 | 58,000 | 77,000 | 98,000 | 117,000 | 474,000 | 670,000 | 745,000 | 951,000 | 1,275,000 | |||||
Copenhagen | Denmark | 30,000 | 181,000 | 571,000 | 1,140,000 | 3,300,000 | ||||||||||
Constantinople/ Istanbul | Turkey | 750,000 | 700,000 | 625,000 | 600,000 | 570,000 | 675,000 | 785,000 | 820,000 | 873,000 | 900,000 | 1,125,000 | 817,000 | 1,035,000 | 3,200,000 | |
Edirne | Turkey | 100,000 | 85,000 | 82,000 | 80,000 | 88,000 | 85,000 | |||||||||
Moscow | Russia | 105,000 | 114,000 | 146,000 | 177,000 | 248,000 | 257,000 | 373,000 | 346,000 | 600,000 | 1,120,000 | 1,805,000 | 1,764,000 | 4,050,000 | 5,100,000 | 10,700,000 |
Saint Petersburg | Russia | 74,000 | 164,000 | 220,000 | 438,000 | 502,000 | 565,000 | 764,000 | 1,439,000 | 2,133,000 | 1,430,000 | 2,983,000 | 2,700,000 | 4,280,000 |
See also
- Historical urban community sizes
- Largest cities in Europe
- List of cities in Europe
- List of largest cities throughout history
- List of metropolitan areas in Europe
- List of oldest continuously inhabited cities
Notes and references
- ^ Thomas, C.G.; Conant, C. (2009). Citadel to City-State: The Transformation of Greece, 1200-700 B.C.E. Indiana University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-253-00325-6.
- ^ a b Ian Morris (12 December 2005). "The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC" (PDF). Retrieved 24 September 2014.
- ^ a b c Storey, G. (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8173-5246-2.
- ^ Beer, J. (2004). Sophocles and the Tragedy of Athenian Democracy. Praeger. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-313-28946-0.
- ^ Schwartz, G.M.; Nichols, J.J. (2010). After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies. University of Arizona Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-8165-2936-0.
- ^ "Urban History of Athens Presentation" (PDF). 9 December 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
- ^ Kellogg, D.L. (2013). Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai. OUP Oxford. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-19-166386-4.
- ^ Hansen, M.H. (1988). Three Studies in Athenian Demography. Commissioner, Munksgaard. p. 7. ISBN 9788773041895.
- ^ Wilson, N. (2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Taylor & Francis. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-136-78800-0.
- ^ O'Sullivan, L. (2009). The Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317-307 BCE: A Philosopher in Politics. Brill. p. 110. ISBN 9789004178885.
- ^ Robert. "Greece, A History of Ancient Greece, Legacy". history-world.org. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: The Democratic Experiment". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
- ^ "The population of Sparta and Athens". ancientgreekbattles.net. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
- ^ a b c Ian Morris (12 December 2005). "The collapse and regeneration of complex society in Greece, 1500-500 BC" (PDF). Retrieved 24 September 2014.
- ^ Rocca, S. (2008). Herod's Judaea: A Mediterranean State in the Classical World. Coronet Books Incorporated. p. 333. ISBN 978-3-16-149717-9.
- ^ Lathrop, D.; Ruma, L. (2010). Open Government: Collaboration, Transparency, and Participation in Practice. O'Reilly Media. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-4493-8880-5.
- ^ Moreno, A. (2007). Feeding the Democracy: The Athenian Grain Supply in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-922840-9.
- ^ Van Wees, H. (2013). Ships and Silver, Taxes and Tribute: A Fiscal History of Archaic Athens. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-686-7.
- ^ Kellogg, D.L. (2013). Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai. OUP Oxford. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-19-964579-4.
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